Younes

Sina

Chapter 4
Force and Motion

may be defined as thecause of motion and deformatio

a force is applied to an object, the object either move
es shape or both. In most cases, it is not possible to
formation by naked eyes at the molecular or atomic le
mation occurs no matter how small.

The formulaF= M.ais

called the"Newton's 2nd
Law of Motion."

Example :An 850-kg car is accelerating

at a rate of 2.4m/s2to the right along a
straight and horizontal road where it
experiences an overall frictional force
of 1500N. Determine the force that its
engine exerts.

a= 2.4m/s2

M= 850 kg

Ff =1500N

If "to the right" is taken to be positive

as usual,Feis positive,
andFfnegative.Note thatfriction
always opposes the direction of pending
motion. Applying Newton's 2nd law:
F= Ma
Fe- Ff = Ma
Fe- 1500N = (850kg)(2.4m/s2)
Fe = 1500N + 2040N =3500N
Note thatthe 2040N must be rounded to
2 significant figures and then added to
the 1500N.

Example :A 2400-kg truck is moving at a constant

speed of 15m/s on
a horizontal and straight road that offers an
overall frictional force of
1800N. Calculate
(a)its acceleration
(b)the engine force
(c)the distance it travels in 35s
(d)its acceleration if it changes its speed to 25m/s
in 8.0 seconds,
(e)the engine force in this case.

v= 15 m/s

M= 2400 kg

Ff =1800N

(a) Since the truck's speed is initially

constant; therefore
a1= 0
(b)F= M.a
Fe- Ff = M.a1
Fe- 1800N = (2400kg)(0)
Fe = 1800N +0 =1800N
(c)x = v t(Equation of motion for constant
velocity)
x =(15m/s)(35s)=530m (rounded to 2 sig.
fig.)
(d)a2= (Vf- Vi) / t
a2 = (25m/s - 15m/s) / 8.0s =1.25 m/s2
(e)F= M.a
Fe- Ff = M.a2
Fe- 1800N = (2400kg)(1.25m/s2)
Fe = 1800N + 3000N =4800N

A car that weighs 14700N is traveling along a

/h. The driver sees a deer on the road and has
e of 90 m. Determine
cessary deceleration
pping force
kes force, if the road friction is 2100N,
pping time

x=90 m
Ff = 2100N

W=14700 N v=108 km/h

straight
to bring

road at
the car t

The mass of the car and its velocity in (m/s) must be

determined first.
w = M. g M = w/g
M = (14700N) / (9.8 m/s2)
M = 1500kg
Vi= (108 km/h ) (1000m / 1km) ( 1h / 3600s)
=30.m/s
(a) Vf2- Vi2= 2 a x (0)2-(30.)2= 2 (a) (90.0m)
-900 = 180a
a = - 5.0 m/s2(deceleration)
(b)F= Ma
F= (1500kg)(-5.0 m/s2) =-7500N
(c)F = Fbrakes+ Ffriction
-7500N = Fbrakes-2100N
Fbrakes=- 5400N
(d) a = (Vf- Vi) / t
t = (Vf- Vi) / a
t = (0 - 30.m/s) / (-5.0m/s2)
t = 6.0 seconds

A 20.0-kg crate is on a horizontal and frictionless sur

.
ate and show the vertical forces acting on this crate.
ng that the crate is being pushed to the left by a
ce, what magnitude force (F) to the right must be appl
block to give it an acceleration of 2.5m/s 2to the right

W=20.0 kg

F=53 N

a=2.5 m/s2

Example :An 80.0-kg man is standing in an

elevator. Determine the force of the elevator
onto the person if the elevator is
(a)accelerating upward at 2.5m/s2
(b)going upward at constant speed
(c)coming to stop going upward at a
deceleration of 2.5m/s2
(d)going downward at an acceleration of
2.5m/s2.

n:The force of the elevator onto the person is nothing but the n
,N, of the floor onto his feet. For each case, a force diagram m
Let's take the +y-axis to be upward.

(a) w = M.g =(80kg)(-9.8 m/s2) =-780N

This is the case that the elevator has just
started going upward. Since its speed has to
change from zero to some value, it
has to accelerate upward and the person feels
heavier because the floor of the elevator exerts a
normal reaction,N, onto the man that
is greater than his weight. This creates a nonzero
net force and therefore accelerates the person.
F= M.a
N-Mg = M.a
N =M (g + a)
N =M (g + a) = (80.0kg)(9.8+2.5)m/s2= 984N

(b) w = Mg =(80kg)(-9.8 m/s ) =-780N

In this case, since the elevator goes up at
constant speed, its acceleration is zero and
so is the acceleration of the man.
Zero acceleration means zero net force
acting on the man.
This requires( N ) to be equal to ( w ) in
magnitude.
F= Ma;N-Mg = Ma
a=0
N=M.g = (80kg)(9.8)m/s2=780N

(c) w = Mg =(80kg)(-9.8 m/s2) =-780N

In this case, the elevator is coming to stop in its
going upward. In other words, it decelerates as
it goes upward. We all have this experience
that during such slowing down, we feel lighter.
We will notice that the magnitude of the normal
reaction,N, becomes less than that of w.
F= Ma
N-Mg = Ma
N =M (g + a)
N=M (g + a) = (80kg)(9.8-2.5)m/s2=580N

(d) w = Mg =(80kg)(-9.8 m/s2) =-780N

When the elevator starts going downward, its
speed changes from zero to some value, and
therefore it accelerates.
This time we use-2.5 m/s2 because the
acceleration vector is downward.
F= Ma;N-Mg = Ma;N =M (g + a)
N=M (g + a) = (80kg)(9.8-2.5)m/s2=580N

Example : In the figure shown,

determine the acceleration of the
system of blocks:

1) Does free fall occur?

2)If the cord is broken, does free fall occur?
"No"

"Yes"

A in addition to moving itself. The vertical forces on

block A cancel each other, according to the Newton's 3rd
law. The force of gravity on block B is the cause of
motion while block A is on the horizontal surface. In
fact, we are only interested to find the acceleration of
the system of blocks while A slides horizontally. Let's
summarize: (1) the force that causes motion is W Band
(2) this force has to move both masses (MA+ MB). Since
the system is connected, both blocks move at the same
acceleration (same magnitude).
We may write:
F= Ma
wB= (MA+ MB)a
29N = ( 5.0 kg + 3.0 kg)a
a= 3.6 m/s2

e: Vehicles A and B are shown in nine different cases.

case, a statement is made on the left. Refer to the fi
middle and determine if the statement is true (T) or fa

1) MA= MB. If A is pushing B at

constant velocity,
thenF1 = F2.

MA= MB; If A is pushing B and accelerati

thenF1>F2.
F1=MA.
a
F =M .
a

3) MA= MB; If A is pushing B and

decelerating,
thenF1<F2.

> MB; If A is pushing B at constant velo

then F1 > F2.

MA> MB; If A is pushing B and acceleratin

then F1 > F2.

6) MA> MB; If A is pushing B and

decelerating,
then F1 < F2.

< MB; If A is pushing B at constant velo

then F1 = F2.

8) MA< MB; If A is pushing B and

accelerating,
then F1 > F2.

MA< MB; If A is pushing B and deceleratin

then F1 < F2.

Friction:

Friction is the result of engagement

of surface irregularities between two surfaces in
contact.
Coefficient of Kinetic Friction (k)on a
horizontal surface:
horizontally applied force(Fappl.)/weight of the
object(w)
to slide the object at a constant velocity

Fappl.= Fk
w =N

Fk=kN

Example :The coefficient of kinetic friction

between a cement block and a plank of wood is
0.38 The block has a mass of 15 kg and is
placed horizontally on the plank. Find the
magnitude of the horizontal force that can push
the block to the right at a
constant velocity.

le : In the figure shown, determine the magnitude of t

ntal force to the right that can move the block at
stant velocity
n acceleration of 3.0 m/s2.
Solution:(a)
W=Mg=(25kg)(9.8m/s2)=245N
N=245N;Fk=kN=(0.26)(245N)=64N
F=Ma;F-64=(25)(0);F=64N
Solution:(b)

F=Ma;F-64=(25)(3.0)N;F=139N

ent of Static Friction (s):On a horizontal surface, theratioof

ntally applied force(Fappl.) to an objectto the weight of the objec
g the object onto the verge of slipping,is called the coefficient o
riction. This is mathematically written as:

on the verge of
slipping
N= w
Fappl.= Fs

:The coefficient of static friction between a cement block and a

is 0.46. The block has a mass of 15 kg and is placed horizontall
Find the magnitude of the horizontal force that can bring the blo
ge of slipping.

Laws:
e 5 laws for friction. The first 3 apply to the force of friction, an
o the coefficient of friction.
1)Force of friction (Ff) is proportional to the coeffi cient
of friction () and the normal force (N).
Fs=sN
Fk=kN
Note that:
s>kFs>Fk
It takes a greater force to bring an object onto the verge
of slipping than pushing it at a constant velocity.
2)Force of friction (Ff) is always tangent or parallel to
the contacting surfaces.
3)Force of friction (Ff) always opposes the direction of
pending motion.
4)Coefficient of friction () depends on the materials of
the contacting surfaces.
5)Coefficient of friction () depends on the smoothness
of the contacting surfaces.

e :Two kids are sitting on the opposite sides of a 2.9 m long tabl
a 150-gram empty cup toward each other, back and forth. The g
the cup the right initial velocity at one edge such that it comes
at the opposite edge as shown. The diameter of the cup is 10.0c
efficient of kinetic friction between the cup and the horizontal ta
Determine the necessary initial speed.

= 10.0cm

= 0.12

X= 2.9 m

Solution:
Weneedtousethekineticequation,F=Mainordertosolveforacceleration.
Whataretheforcesactingonthecupafteritisgivenaninitialinstantpush?
Theonlyactingforceistheforceofkineticfriction,F k.
TofindFk,weneedtoknowN,andconsequently(w).

w=Mg
w=Mg=(0.15kg)(9.8m/s2)=1.47N
N=1.47N
Fk=kN
Fk=(0.12)(1.47N)=0.176N
F=Ma
-0.176N=(0.150kg)(a)
a=-1.173m/s2
Vf2-Vi2=2ax
02-Vi2=2(-1.173m/s2)(2.9m)
V =2.6m/s

e :A truck that weighs 29,400N traveling at 72.0 km/h on a horiz

aight road skids to stop in 6.00s. Determine
eceleration
stopping force
kinetic coefficient of friction between its tires and the horizontal
t road,
stopping distance.

W= 29,400N

V= 72.0 km/h

t= 6.00 s

Solution:
(a)a =(Vf- Vi) / t
a= (0-20.0m/s) / (6.00s) =- 3.33 m/s2.
w =Mg
29,400N=M(9.8m/s2)
M=3,000kg
(b)F = Ma
0-Fk= (3000kg)(-3.33m/s2) =-10,000N
Fk= 10,000N
(c)Fk=kN
10,000N = (k) (29400N)
k= (10,000N) / (29400N) =0.40
(d)x= (1/2)at2+Vit
x= (1/2)(-3.33m/s2)(6.00s)2+ (20.0m/s)(6.00s)
=60.0m
Vf2-Vi2= 2 a x
(0)2-(20.0m/s)2= 2(-3.33m/s2)x
x=60.0m

e :A 12-kg box is placed on a horizontal floor for which s=0.4

=0.33. Does a 57-N force, applied horizontally to this box, put i
? If yes, will the motion be accelerated or at constant speed?
erated, how far will it travel in 3.0s?

M= 12
kg
F= 57N

s=0
.43
k=0
.33

IfFs(the force of static friction) is less than 57-N, the

horizontally applied force, motion will occur. Let's
calculateFs.
w= Mg
w= (12kg)(9.8 m/s2) =118N
N= 118N
Fs =sN
Fs=(0.43)118N =51N
SinceFs < 57N;therefore,motion occurs.
Once motion occurs,ktakes over.
Fk=kN
Fk=(0.33)(118N)= 39N
The motion will be accelerated because the net force is
not zero.
F = Ma
57N-39N = (12kg)(a)
a = 1.5 m/s2
x= (1/2)at2+Vit
x= (1/2)(1.5m/s2)(3.0s)2+ (0)(3.0s)
x = 6.8m

le :In the figure shown, determine the magnit

ceFthat gives the block an acceleration of 1.7
horizontal surface to the right.

To solve for F andN, let's move these unknowns to the

left of each equation while moving the known values to
the right sides.
1)N-Fsin30 = 147
N- 0.500 F = 147
2)-.021N + Fcos30 = 26.25
-0.21N + 0.866 F = 26.25
Alternate Solution: Before rearranging, substitute
forNfrom the 1st equation into the 2nd one as shown:
Fcos(30)-0.21(147 + Fsin30) = 26.25
now, there is only one unknown, F.
0.866F-30.87-0.105F = 26.25
0.761F = 57.12
F = 75N
From theN equation
N = 147 + 75sin30
N= 190 N

Homework:
All problems in
chapter 4