GOVERNOR SYSTEM

PRESENTED DURING THE

GENERATION MECHANICAL
PROGRAMME
MODULE 1 STEAM TURBINE TRAINING
SAPELE:
BY: ODAFE AKEMU
MECHANICAL INSTRUCTOR
COMPILED BY: ENGR. NWANA

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
TURBINE GOVERNING AND
CONTROL
The function of a governor is to
maintain the shaft speed constant as
the load varies.
The simplest type of governor is the
centrifugal type. The power
available at the shaft IS 2TTTN where
T is the torque and N is in rpm.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
As load (torque) decreases, speed
increase, with the increase of
centrifugal force, the fly balls fly
apart and raise the sleeve which
operating through a lever and a
fulcrum, activate the main valve to
close and reduce the mass flow of
steam admitted to the turbine.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
An oil operated servo mechanism in
addition may be used to enhance the
sensitivity of the governor.
The governing force is amplified to
move a light and almost friction less
pilot valve which control the flow of
high pressure oil to the piston. Piston
powered by the oil can thus operate
the governor valve as desired.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
The steady state speed regulator Rs
is given by
Rs = No N x 100

Nr
Where
No = Speed at no load
N = Speed at rated load

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
The speed change from full load to
no load is limited to 3.4% of the
speed of the rated load. If the rated
speed is 3000rpm. The speed at full
load will be 2940pm and at no load
would be 3060rpm.
In case Rs = 3060 2940 x 100

3000

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
THROTTLE GOVERNING
In a governing system as the load
decrease the shaft speed increases. The
stop valve is partially closed to admit less
steam to the turbine and to produce less
power according to the demand. Due to
the restriction of passage in the valve,
steam is throttled from Po to P throttle.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
The throttle and stop valves are located
in the steam supply line to the turbine.
The stop valve is a hydraulically quick
opening and shuttling valve designed to
be either fully open or shut.
The throttle valve is a regulating steam
flow valve during operation of the
turbine.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
NOZZLE GOVERNING
If throttle governing is done at low
loads, the turbine efficiency is
considerably reduced.
The nozzle control may be a better
method of governing.
The nozzles are made up in set, each
being controlled by a separate valve.
With the decrease of load the required
number of nozzle may be shut off.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

EMERGENCY GOVERNOR
Every turbine is provided with some form of
an emergency governor which trips the
turbine i.e. closes the stop valve and stop
the steam supply when
Shaft speed exceeds 110% of its rated value
Lubrication system fails
Balancing both static and dynamic is not
proper
Condenser becomes hot (due to inadequate
cooling water circulation) or vacuum is less.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
One common type of over-speed trip
employs a pin or bolt within the turbine
shaft. Centrifugal forces acting on the
pin trying to force it out of the shaft is
opposed by a spring until about 10% of
over-speed is reached. When the
centrifugal force overcomes the spring
force the pin is force out of the shaft
and strikes a trigger which in turn,
releases a spring to close the stop valve
immediately.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
SPEED CONTROL GOVERNOR
The control of a turbine with a
governor is essential, as turbines
need to be run up slowly, to prevent
damage while some applications
(such as the generation of
alternating current electricity) require
Precise Speed Control.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine
rotor can lead to an over speed trip, which
causes the nozzle valves that control the
flow of Steam to the turbine to close.
If this fails then the turbine may continue
accelerating until it breaks apart, often
spectacularly.
Turbines are expensive to make, requiring
precision manufacture and special quality
materials.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
During normal operation in
synchronization with the electricity
network, power plants are governed
with a four percent droop Speed
Control.
This means that the full load Speed is
100%. This is required for the stable
operation of the network without
hunting and drop-outs of power plants.
Normally the changes in speed are
minor.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Adjustments in power output are
made by slowly raising the droop
curve by increasing the spring
pressure on a centrifugal governor.
Generally this is a basic system
requirement for all power plants
because the older and newer plants
have to be compatible in response to
the instantaneous changes in
frequency without depending on
outside communication.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

GOVERNOR SYSTEM

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
There are various points which require special
lubrication. For example, the governor
control valve and drive linkages as well as the
turbine front standard and LP. turbine base
plates and guides require periodic greasing.
It is recommended that an adequate
lubrication chart be established wherein
locations and schedule for each point
requiring lubrication are listed, according to
plant experience and manufacturers
recommendations.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
ANNUAL INSPECTION
Annual inspection is carried out to find
abnormal condition at an each stage
and to take necessary countermeasures immediately.
The necessary inspection/ cleaning are
listed below.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
(1)
Inspection of service valve filter
(2)
Inspection and cleaning of jacking pump
suction
starting strainer.
(3) Inspection of oil pressure and temperature
gauges.
(4)
Inspection of LP. turbine last stage bucket
(5) Inspection and cleaning of condenser water
box and hot well.
(6) Run-out check of generator collector ring.
(7) Hydrogen gas leak test for generator.
(8) Inspection of hydraulic control equipment
and linkages.
(9) Inspection and test of all protective devices.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
In overhaul, usually performed after
about 24,000 running hours (or four
years interval), all the parts which
cannot be examined in the routine
maintenance/inspection are checked.
The remaining part of this write up will
be devoted to guides in overhaul
inspection.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
High, Intermediate and low Pressure
Rotor
Check for, crack on shroud rings and tenon;
looseness of shroud rings and locking blades;
erosion on tenons and blades.
Sliding flow and rust on journals, warn-out of
rotor shaft crack on coupling stud.
For the LP rotor check for crack on locking pins
of last stage buckets, the wires of the
penultimate state blades and on erosionshields of last stage blades.
Cracks are checked by red die penetront
method and erosion/wear by visual inspection.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Nozzle diaphragms
Checks the exit edges of the nozzle
partitions for erosion and attachment
of deposits of foreign matters.
Inner and outer rings of the nozzle
diaphragms and the nozzle partitions
for cracks and for bruises caused by
foreign matter
(All by visual inspection).

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
High and Intermediate Pressure Casings
Check for erosion and cracks of inner and
outer casings. Check for cracks on the inside
and outside of castings, especially at the
following locations:
Corners of inside and outside, weldment of
the steam chest, weldment of the flanges for
main steam inlet, weldment of all pipes, and
corners of the portion fixed at the first stage
nozzle, plates.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
High-Temperature Bolts
Inspect for cracks and carryout
harness test.
Check bolt elongation prior to
tightening and confirm amount of
stretch after tightening (it must be
within limit specified by design).

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Low Pressure Casing
Check the inner casing for the following:
Cracks on surface of horizontal joint.
Adhering scales and their places, colour
and quantity.
Looseness of caulking at the centre pin.
Check for cracks and erosion at welded
parts, R-finished parts and stay pipes.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Cross-Over Pipe
Check for the following:
Damage to heat insulation lagging plates.
Steam leakage from flange jointing planes;
Erosion on all inner surfaces of the pipe
excluding bellows;
Attachment of foreign matters on the inner
surfaces of the pipe;
Inspect inner surfaces of bellows.
For the expansion joint, check the shape of
bellows convolutions and inspect the inner
surfaces of the bellows.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Journal Bearings
Check bolts for looseness.
Tights/loose ball seats.
Gap between Babbitt surface of bearing and journal
of shaft (bearing oil gap).
Parallel of the Babbitt surface of bearing with the
journal of shaft.
For the Babbitt metal: check for wipe or recess,
crack, scratch and the contact to journal of shaft
both upper and lower bearings.
Check the contact faces of on liners of bearing ring
and pedestal. Check the tooth of the oil deflectors
and gas between the tooth and rotor using gap
guage.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Thrust Bearing
Check the thrust gap (using assembly
drawing) and check the ball seat gaps of
thrust casing and of thrust bearing ring .
Inspect bearing surfaces of thrust plate for
wipe or recess sliding flows and contact from
and width. Check metal surfaces for crack.
Inspect the contact using red lead on ball
seats of thrust casing and thrust bearing
ring.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Rotor coupling
Check diameters of mating rabbet fits, 0.035
to 0.075mm press fit must exist, with not more
than 2.8oC temperature difference between
rotor couplings and measuring instruments,
when the diameter checks are made.
Check length of male rabbet and depth of
female rabbet to ascertain that a minimum
clearance of 0.8mm exists when coupling is
made up.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
Before dismantling the turbine completely,
take measurement of blade trip clearances HP,
IP and LP rotors with turbine inner casings or
nozzle diaphragm and mark the axial positions
of the blades relative to the nozzle partition or
stator blade on a plain board.
Measure axial clearance between moving
blades and nozzle partition or stator blades.
Carryout these measurements during
assembly and ensure they conform to
assembly drawing or manufacturers
recommendation and make necessary
adjustment as required.

GOVERNOR SYSTEM
After dismantling and inspection,
carryout necessary cleaning and
corrective action as required and set
the turbine according to
recommendation.
Ensue that the rotor couplings are
properly aligned.

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