Geography of Microwave Survey-20080226-A

Security Level:
Geography of Microwave Survey

FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential

Contents
1) Topography
- Map representation
- Geographical coordinates
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Profiles / Clearance criteria guidelines
- Reflection
3) GPS
- The various types of GPS
- GeoExplorer user's guide
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Map reading
Collect all the maps available, preferably 1/50 000 (1/24 000 for North
America).
In some circumstances 1/200 000 maps will also be useful.

Scale
1/200 000
1 mm = 200 m
1/50 000 1 mm = 50 m
1/24 000 1 mm = 24 m1
1/10 000 1 mm = 10 m
1/ 5 000 1 mm = 5 m
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Image of the earth surface, watched from particular point of view and
projected on to a tangent plane on the earth surface
Types of projections
MERCATOR (Grard Kremer alias)

LAMBERT
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Cylindrical projection.
The projection surface is a cylinder which is tangential or secant to the
earth's model.
Transverse cylindrical projection
Direct cylindrical projection
Oblique cylindrical projection
Example: UTM projection is divided of 60 zones of 6 in longitude

France is on 3 zones: zone 31 30 32
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Conical projection.
The projection surface is a cone tangent or secant to the earth's model.
Tangent conic presentation
Secant conic presentation
Example: LAMBERT projection is divided into 4 zones
LAMBERT I - II - III - IV or LAMBERT II extended which covers all the

country.
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
For map representation, the ellipsoid closest to the Geoid of the area
to be represented will be used. For France, we'll use clarke 1880

ellipsoid lambert conformal map projection. For Africa we'll use clark
1866 ellipsoid
Ellipsoid is a mathematical model to define the earth surface

Geoid is a mathematical model to which coincides with mean sea level
extended to all continents.
(Geoid conventionnally coincides with altitude zero)
Datums: NAD 27, NAD 83, Old Hawaiian (for North America)
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Date of creation and update

Ellipsoid
Earth surface
Ellipsoid
Geoid
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Magnetic variation
Magnetic North is the only one which can be measured (compass).
Geographic north is the north on the map.

An angle measured from magnetic north can be reported on a map if
the variation is known.
Its possible to Check the magnetic variation via the internet:

www.geolab.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/e_cgrf.html
www.ngdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/seg/gmag/fldsnth1.pl
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Magnetic variation
Magnetic North
Geographic North
When Magnetic variation decreases, it means

it's getting closer to geographic North - it varies
according to geographic areas on earth - it is
more important near the poles.
247'
Example of indication on IGN France map

Magnetic variation coincides with the middle of
the sheet on 1st January 1990 it decreases
every year by 8'.
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Map representation
Magnetic variation
MN
GN
7
237/MN
230/GN
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
TOPOGRAPHY
Geographical coordinates
Latitude and longitude
On a single map, we can have two different projections.

The projections can be found in the maps legend.
Each map provides a legend that must be read.

Contour lines are essential to draw a profile.
Systematically check the contour intervals.
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
112m
100
m
50m
Each index contour line is accentuated
Huawei Confidential
Contour intervals: 10m
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TOPOGRAPHY
Enable to calculate geographic coordinates of any point on

earth thanks to abscissa and ordinate report
Earth circumference 40000 km
40000 km / 360 =
111.111 km = 1
1 = 60' => 1.852km = 1' = 1 mile
1' = 60" => 31 m = 1"
AT EQUATOR LEVEL
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
GREENWICH MERIDIAN OR MERIDIAN 0 (zero)
N
LONG W
LAT N
LONG E
LAT N
Eq
LONG W
LAT S
Origin of any map
o
uat
LONG E
LAT S
S
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Site pointing
1cm
5mm
Cross with soft lead pencil

Pointing with hard pencil
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
degrees, ' minutes, " seconds
Coordinate calculation
1) Write out the point on the X and Y axes with a square and HARD PENCIL
2) Measure the mm. value of 300" and deduce the value of 1 second in xmm
longitude and ymm latitude
3) Measure the variation between the point written out and the origin
selected
4) Apply the rule of three
5) Add the calculated values to original values
DO NOT HESITATE TO DETAIL YOUR CALCULATIONS
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
4805'
ymm
Latitude
y'mm
4800
Origin
200' X'mm
longitude
xmm
Huawei Confidential
205'
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Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 21
TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
ALTITUDE MEASUREMENT
hpa (hectopascal)
mmhg (millimeter of mercury)
mbar (millibar)
bar
Altitude
=
=
=
=
Meteorology
Medical unit
Old unit
Industrial pressure
unit
===>
Huawei Confidential
Pressure
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
The altimeter is a barometer
1 NEWTON
1 pa
1N / m
1m
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Normal atmospheric pressure measured at standard point
Altitude m Pressure hpa
Huawei Confidential
Temp C
7000
410
-30.5
6000
472
-24
5000
540
-17.5
4000
616
-11
3000
701
-4.5
2000
795
1000
899
8.5
1013
15
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Map information
Origin of altitudes measured

Altimetry
The altimeter under forcasts altitude deviations under warm
temperatures and overforcats them under cold temperatures.

In winter it gives too high altitude and too low in summer
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Summer
4000 m measured in a summer day with a temperature of 0C:

+11C deviation compared with standard atmosphere
Applicable correction is: +11x4x4m = 176m Real altitude is 4176m
Winter
4000m measured in a winter day with a temperature of -20C: -9C

deviation compared with standard atmosphere
Applicable correction: -9x4x4m = -144m Real altitude is 3856m
Correction is of 4m per 1000m, and per deviation degree
compared with standard temperature at reading altitude with
deviation sign
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
It is thus necessary to apply the so-called double measurement
procedure
2 altimeters are required
Mark a point on the map
Calibrate both altimeters on it
Reference altitude will be ckecked out at regular time slots, every 10'
for example
Altitude measurements will be performed during that time with the 2nd
altimeter, indicating each time the measurement time.
Altitudes will be compared and correction applied
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Can be
333
A geodetic point with hub
132
An altimetry point
Alt A
Alt B
Reference
Measurement
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Reference
Alt A
Alt B
Reference
Measurement
Report variations
every 10' or more
Fill in a sheet
Measure the points

and report measurement
times
Huawei Confidential
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TOPOGRAPHY
Altimetry
Alt A
Reference
- 8:00
- 8:10
- 8:20
- 8:30
- 8:40
- 8:50
- 9:00
- 9:10
- 9:20
- 9:30
333
333
334
335
336
337
338
338
339
340
Alt B
Origin
8:20
235m.
8:30
200m.
SITE A
SITE B
= +1
= +2
= +3
= +4
8:40
185m.
SITE A = 234m.
SITE C
SITE B = 198m.
SITE C = 182m.
SITE D = 206m.
Correction
SITE D
Area limited to 10 to 15km around the point with altitude deviation <500m
Huawei Confidential
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8:50
210m.

Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 31
TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
What is propagation ?
Energy transfer with no physical transportation
Line of sight propagation
Propagation between 2 points for which the direct ray is sufficiently clear
of obstacles for diffraction to be a negligible effect.
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
(A) antenna supplied by P power (transmitted power) will create in the whole
space an E magnetic field and (B) antenna introduced in this space will
collect a part of E field (Received power).
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Line of sight links
Link in which diffraction effects are minor
What is diffraction ?
Diffraction is a phenomena which tends to modify radio wave path

nearing on obstruction
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Radio waves are related to 3 phenomena
Diffraction
Refraction
Reflection
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Let's examine the following diagram: it seems there is no diffraction
P
B
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Maxwell equations indicate that:

The field in R point can be calculated with the field created in E in any
point of P Plane
P plane will be separated in concentric rings
If P plane is moved in parallel to itself, B creates a revolution ellipse
harring E and R as centers.
The main part of the Energy is concentrated along the ER line.
The first ellipsoid along this line concentrated along the ER line.
The first ellipsoid along this line concentrates the main part of the energy.
The first ellipsoid is called Fresnel Ellipsoid
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
The ellipsoid shall be cleared from any obstruction. But the energy
radiated in E will suffer from attenuation when reaching point R. This

attenuation is the ratio of transmitted power to received power. It is
called propagation loss (Diffraction loss)
4 d (m)
AdB 20log
( m)
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Definition of CLEARANCE
C = 1 means that 100% of Fresnel zone is cleared from any

obstruction. Only 60% of the first ellipsoid shall be cleared of
obstructions to have a received level equivalent to the level of free
space.
For Microstar (Short High Frequency Hops), 100% of clearance (C = 1)

will be required.
Please, refer to the next page for the Main (Top-to-Top)

Clearance Rules
Huawei Confidential
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Path
TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Climate-Terrain Factor c
Band
Above 3 Ghz
<2 (good to
average)
0.6F1 @ k = 1
Below 3 Ghz
0.6F1 @ k = 1
>2 (moderate to
very difficult)
F1 @ k = 4/3 and
0.3F1 @ k = 2/3*
0.6F1 @ k = 1
* If 0.3F1 @ k=2/3 clearance is controlling, diversity

protection is usually required
Diversity (Top-to-Bottom) Path Clearance Rule
All bands
0.6F1 @ k = 4/3
0.6F1 @ k= 4/3
Blackout Area Main Path Clearance Rule

Above 3 Ghz
N/A
Huawei Confidential
K = 1 grazing
over a 150 ft ABL
Page 40
TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
In reality, atmosphere has an influence. It is not homogeneous.

Instead of being straight, the wave will be bent in relation to the
atmosphere's refraction index.
Air n index is written n=1+N 10-6 and is close to the unity
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
DESCARTES SNELL's refraction law
Incident ray
Reflected ray
1 i
n2
n1
n1 sin i1 = n2 sin i2
Refracted ray
2
n1 and n2 indexes are linked to the environment
n6
n5
n4
n3
n2
n1
n0
Huawei Confidential
n0 sin io = n1 sin i1 = n2 sin i2 ............... = etc
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Propagation of a radius in an atmosphere

of which index depends on the altitude
Ro is the Earth's radius, that is to say 6400 km
nm
ni
1
'k
hk
h1
nk
Earth
Ro
With fundamental relation that rules

propagation in this kind of atmosphere
n (Ro+h) cos = Cte
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
A few definitions:
Troposphere: the lower layers of the atmosphere just above the

Earth's surface in which temperature decreases with height. This
portion extends from the surface up to 9km at the poles to about 17
km at the equator
There can be temperature inversion in the troposphere
Refractive index n: ratio between wave speed in vaccuum and wave
speed in the environment considered
N refractivity = one million times the amount by which the refractive
index n exceeds unity
Spheric atmosphere with constant vertical gradient of
dn
40 N / per km
dh
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Empirical formula for N

N
77.6
e
( p 4810. )
T
T
T is the temperature in KELVIN (Degree in celsius + 273.15)

p is the air pressure (hpa in mbar)
e is water vapor pressure
p, e and t depend on the height, therefore.
N depends on the height
dn
40 N / per km
dh
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Let's use the formula (Ro+h) cos = Cte
With successive deviation, we have a relative curvature of
rays compared with Earth's surface
dn 1

dh Ro
We suppose that the index is approximatively a linear
function of the height, therefore:
dn
constant
dh
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
3 cases:
Case 1
dn
0
dh
ray path is straight
Case 2
dn
0
dh
highly positive
ray path is downtilted: there is a subrefraction
Case 3
dn
0
dh
highly negative
ray path is uptilted: there is a superrefraction
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
The most frequent case is n3 rays ondulate further than if their
propagation is in straight line they have thus better clearing above the
ground.
It is difficult to define a project by taking into account the rays'
curvature. The important element in calculation being the rays'
relative curvature compared with real earth, we'll replace the real
earth by a fictive one on condition that the rays' relative curvature
remains constant.
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
Let's use a fictive earth enabling wave propagation to be in straight line

that is to say
dn
0
dh
The fictive earth's radius is given by:
using a k coefficient, we have
written:
1
1
dno
R Ro dh
1
1 Ro( dno / dh)
R 8500
4 / 3 1.33
Ro 6400
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
We replaced real case by equivalent case in which propagation is

straight
Fictive earth's radius varies with propagation in compliance with R

Law = k Ro
Parameter k being defined, paragraph a) of CCIR 338-5 Rec for profile
definition will apply
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
In the case of super-refraction
Fictive ray is highly superior to standard ray k>1 and R>Ro and there will
be visible lowering of obstructions. This is case number 3
In the case of sub-refraction
Fictive ray is highly inferior to standard ray k<1 and R<Ro and there will
be visible raise of obstructions. This is case number 2
Case number 2 is important for project definition
A curve defined by BOITHIAS and BATTESTI based on measurements
carried out under continental temperate climate shows the values under
which coefficient k = R/Ro does not decrease during 10-4 of the time,
depending on the hop length.
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Propagation
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 80 90 100
200
Path length (km)

Figure 2 - ke value exceeded during about 99.9% of the worse month
(continental temperate climate)
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 53
TERRAIN PROFILES
Profiles
Terrain profiles are necessary to determine antenna heights.

The following criteria must be observed to select the various sites of a
Telecom network:
Line of sight between them according to the respect of the

clearance rules.
Huawei Confidential
Page 54
TERRAIN PROFILES
Profiles
Path profile
Example of the path profile, plotted with the application software

recommended by Harris MCD:
Fresnel zone
Line of sight
Tower 2
Tower 1
Altitude + vegetation
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Profiles
Path profile
This figure shows the path profile with first fresnel zone and terrain
that varies with k value.

The line of sight is drawn as a straight line and the ray bending due to
variation of k value is added to the terrain elevation.
There must be 60% clearance of first Fresnel zone to avoid diffraction
loss in addition to the free space loss.
Earth bulge
In order to draw the line of sight in a path profile, the ray bending due
to variation of the k value is added to the terrain heights.
Huawei Confidential
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Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 57
TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
Ground reflections
Reflection point
B
Reflective surface
This figure shows a typical signal reflection. The more conductive the
ground, the stronger the reflection is.
Huawei Confidential
Page 58
TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
Reflections from sea, ponds etc are more critical than reflections
from terrain with vegetation.

The reflection coefficient is dependant of the type of terrain.
Generally the reflection coefficient decreases with the frequency.
On the other hand a larger area is required to reflect a signal at a lower
frequency.
The effective reflection coefficient is also a function of the path's
grazing angle and the curvature of the earth (the k value).

Generally vertical polarization gives reduced reflection, especially at
lower frequencies.
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
The received signal is the combination of the direct signal and the
reflected signal.
Huawei Confidential
Page 60
TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
Adding these two signals will give a signal strength that is a function
of the height at the receiver site as indicated in the figure below
Height
Optimum
Antenna
Separation
Field strength
Huawei Confidential
Page 61
TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
To counteract the effect of ground reflections space diversity
arrangements with two receiver antennas with a vertical separation are

widely used.
The antenna separation should give maximum received signal level at
the space antenna when the main antenna is at a minimum and vice
versa vice versa.
The optimum antenna separation may be found using one of 2 different

methods.
1 Geometrical method using Fresnel zone

2 Analytical method using services expansions
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
1 Geometrical method
A geometrical property of the ellipsoid is that the angle of incidence

equals the reflection angle at the circumference. This property may be
used to find the reflection point.
Tangent
Huawei Confidential
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TERRAIN PROFILES
Reflection
When fresnel ellipsoid tangents the reflection plan can be calculated.
Consequently the reflection point may be found by increasing the

fresnel zone until it touches the terrain. If the ellipse tangent is parallel
to the terrain, there is a reflection point.
Huawei Confidential
Page 64

Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 65
LIST OF TOOLS USED DURING THE SURVEY

The various types of GPS
Models used by Harris MCD
Garmin GPS 12XL

Garmin GPSMAP 76S (WAAS)
Garmin GPS III / III Plus
Huawei Confidential
Page 66

Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 67
GPS
GPS user's guide
What is GPS
A super accurate system
Developed and maintained by Dept. of Defense

Nuclear subs needed positioning
Satellite-based
Sold Congress on the idea that other applications would follow
Huawei Confidential
Page 68
GPS
GPS user's guide
Status of GPs
In development since 1973

First satellite launched in 1978
All GPS satellites built and tested
Next generation of satellites (Block IIR) are already on contract
Managed by the Department of Defense
Huawei Confidential
Page 69
GPS
GPS user's guide
Navstar satellite constellation
24 Sat
6 planes
20.200 km Orbit
Huawei Confidential
Page 70
GPS
GPS user's guide
Space segment description
24 satellites in final constellation

6 planes with 55 rotation
Each plane has 4 satellites
Very high orbit
12,600 miles
Approximately 1 revolution in 12 hours
For accuracy
Survivability
Coverage
Huawei Confidential
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GPS
GPS user's guide
Satellite-based
Uses trilateration from satellites
24 satellites in final constellation

21 operational, 3 spares
Satellites in very high or bit (12,600 miles)

for accuracy
survivability
coverage
Only possible with today's technology

computers and clocks
Huawei Confidential
Page 72
GPS
GPS user's guide
Satellite-based
- 3855 kg
Weight when the satellite is lauched
- 816 kg
Weight in final ORBIT
- 700 w
Power
L and S
2 frequency bandwiths
S1 2227,5 MHz
S2 1783,74 MHz
L1 (1575 MHz)
L2 (1227 MHz)
L1 an L2 are generated by a Ref frequency 10,23 MHz given by a
ATOMIC reference clock (cesium)
Huawei Confidential
Page 73
GPS
GPS user's guide
GPS segments
SPACE SEGMENT
CONTROL
STATIONS
MASTER
CONTROL SEGMENT
USER SEGMENT
Huawei Confidential
Page 74
GPS
GPS user's guide
How accurate is it ?
That depends:
Depends on some variables
Time spent on measurements

Design of receiver
Relative positions of satellites
Sub-centimeter accuracies from survey products

Fifteen to fifty meters with non-differential GPS
One to five meters with differential GPS
Gouvt. can degrade accuracy if they want to
Huawei Confidential
Page 75
GPS
GPS user's guide
How does GPS work ?
GPS measures distance

from the satellites
using speed of light.
To measure the distance

GPS needs good clocks
and a fourth SV
Once GPS knows distance,

it needs to know satellite's
position
Then correct for

ionospheric and
tropospheric delays.
GPS receiver
Trilateration from satellites

is basis of system
Huawei Confidential
Page 76
GPS
GPS user's guide
1 trilateration from satellites
By measuring distance from several satellites you can calculate your

position thru mathematics
Huawei Confidential
Page 77
GPS
GPS user's guide
Trilateration
One measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere

11,000 miles
Huawei Confidential
We're somewhere on the

surface of this sphere.
Page 78
GPS
GPS user's guide
Trilateration
Second measurement narrows it down to intersection of two spheres

11,000 Miles
12,000 Miles
Intersection of two
spheres is a circle
Huawei Confidential
Page 79
GPS
GPS user's guide
Trilateration
Third measurement narrows to just two points

Intersection of three
spheres is only two
points.
Huawei Confidential
Page 80
GPS
GPS user's guide
Trilateration
Fourth measurement will decide between two points.

Fourth measurement
will only go through
one of the two points.
Huawei Confidential
Page 81
GPS
GPS user's guide
Trilateration
In practice 3 measurements are enough

We can discard one point
One point will be a ridiculous answer
Out in space
Or moving at high speed
We still need the 4th measurement because there are four dimensions
to solve for (X,Y,Z and Time)
Huawei Confidential
Page 82
GPS
GPS user's guide
2 satellite ranging
Measuring the distance to a satellite
Done by measuring travel time of radio signals
Huawei Confidential
Page 83
GPS
GPS user's guide
Speed-of-light measurement
Measure how long it takes the GPS signal to get to us
Multiply that time by 186,000 miles/sec

Time (sec) x 186,000 = miles
If you've got good clocks, all you need to know is exactly when signal
left satellite
Huawei Confidential
Page 84
GPS
GPS user's guide
GPS community base station
GPS Antenna
Mounting Pole*
Antenna Cable
Data/Power
Cable
GPS Receiver
PC*
120VAC to
12VDC
Power Supply
120V Uninterruptible Power

Supply *
* Supplied by Customer
Huawei Confidential
Page 85
GPS
GPS user's guide
Why we use satellites for mapping
Line of sight
TRIMBLE NAVIGATION
Huawei Confidential
Page 86
GPS
GPS user's guide
PDOP
PDOP BAD
PDOP Good
Huawei Confidential
Page 87
GPS
GPS user's guide
Dilution of precision (DOP)
Can be expressed in different dimensions
GDOP - Geometric dilution of precision

PDOP - Position dilution of precision
HDOP - Horizontal dilution of precision
VDOP - Vertical dilution of precision
EDOP - East dilution of precision
NDOP - North dilution of precision
TDOP - Time dilution of precision
GDOP = PDOP + TDOP
PDOP = HDOP + VDOP
HDOP = EDOP + NDOP
Huawei Confidential
Page 88
GPS
GPS user's guide
Altitude reference
Ellipsoid
A smooth, mathematically defined model of the earth's surface
Geoid
A surface of equal gravitational pull (equipotential) best fitting the average

sea surface over the whole globe
HAE
MSL
Earths Surface
Ellipsoid
Geoid
Huawei Confidential
Page 89
GPS
GPS user's guide
Datum
There are many regional datums that are chosen so that the ellipsoid
could conform as closely as possible to the geoid over the region rather
than the whole globe.
Ellipsoid
fitting
North
America
Ellipsoid
fitting
Europe
Geoid
Huawei Confidential
Page 90
GPS
GPS user's guide
Datum
A datum is a specifically oriented reference ellipsoid defined by 8

elements
Position of the network (3 elements)

Orientation of the network (3 elements)
Parameters of the reference ellipsoid (2 elements)
Huawei Confidential
Page 91
GPS
GPS user's guide
Datum (WGS 84)
Huawei Confidential
Page 92
GPS
GPS user's guide
Datum (NAD 27)
Huawei Confidential
Page 93
GPS
GPS user's guide
Datum
One point can have different sets of coordinates depending on the

datum used.
Huawei Confidential
Page 94
GPS
GPS user's guide
Projection types
Re fe re nc e to WGS 72
De s ig natio n
Ellips o id
Diame te r
1/f
6378135
Ma yford 1924
NAD27
IGN (NTF)
Zo ne
298.26
World
6378388
297
103
84
127
Europe
Cla rke 1866
6378206
294.98
-157
22
-176
US A
Cla rke 1880
6378249
293.47
66
170
-311
Hough
6378270
297
Guam 1963
Cla rke 1866
6378206
94.98
-68
-62
-62
235
-112
-121
-144
89
44
22
38
-254
Fra nce North

Africa
Kwa ja le in
Wa ke
Ennwe tok
Ile s Ma ria ne s
Arc 1950 (CAPE)
Cla rke 1880
6378249
293.465
131
129
292
S outh Africa
Adindan
Cla rke 1880
6378249
293.47
26
152
-212
Egypt
WGS 72
Euro p 50.ED
Wake -Eniwe to k
1960
Huawei Confidential
Page 95
GPS
GPS user's guide
2d versus 3d data
3d needs 4 SV's (X, Y, Z and Time)

2d needs 3 SV'S (X, Y, Time and user entered Z)
Huawei Confidential
Page 96
GPS
GPS user's guide
2d versus 3d data (Contd.)
Inputting a poor elevation will give a poor horizontal position.
Line of position
Huawei Confidential
Page 97
GPS
GPS user's guide
2d versus 3d data
Inputting the correct elevation will result in the correct position.
Line of position
Correct Elev.
Correct Latitude
Huawei Confidential
Page 98
GPS
GPS user's guide
2d versus 3d data (Contd.)
Inputing the wrong elevation will result in the wrong position.
Line of position
Wrong Elev.
Wrong Latitude
Huawei Confidential
Page 99

Contents
1) Topography
- Altimetry
2) Terrain profiles
- Propagation
- Reflection
3) GPS
4) Grounding system
Huawei Confidential
Page 100
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Roles of the grounding system
What is it used for ?

The only use of a ground system is to handle into the ground the
currents entering or leaving the location in common mode.
A ground system is only a "waste receptacle" but shall be a good
quality system.
It ensures:
1) electrical protection / lightning

2) technical quality
Huawei Confidential
Page 101
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Protective ground
The primary role of a ground connection is to protect people against

electrocutions risks. Electric shock risk depends on the strength of the
electric current flowing through the body, and on the part of the human
body touched.
Human body resistance is not linear.
1mA current is hardly detected by the hands. 10mA current causes
strong shock and a 30mA current can tetanize muscles and cause heart
fibrillation.
Rules for protection against electric shocks can not take into account
variable resistance of human body. They reduce contact voltage to
conventional protection value in order to prevent fatal shock.
The concept of protective ground is not standardized. It's important to
know that it's the correct ground equipotentiality which protects
installation, and not the grounding system.
Manhole bond around residential housing is more efficient than a single
ground post, whatever its resistance.
Huawei Confidential
Page 102
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Equipment leakage current
Leakage currents are handled via grounding conductors grounding
conductor is conventionally in green/yellow color. It connects

equipment chassis to the ground system but current doesn't flow to
the ground "fault currents" are closed by connecting neutral
conductor to the ground, not in the ground. Grounding is strictly
conventional. We may think that the role of a ground connector is to
dry off the leakage current but it's no true
PHASE
230V
NEUTRAL
leakage
Conductor current doesn't flow into the ground
Unavoidable leakage currents are looped by
neutral's grounding conductor
Ground conductor
Huawei Confidential
Page 103
GROUNDING SYSTEM
A leakage current of some ten ampres is normal for large computer

rooms
Since leakage and fault currents are internal currents, they don't flow
through the ground. Ground resistance is therefore different
Huawei Confidential
Page 104
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Static potential referent
Some moving vehicules isolated from the ground (trucks, planes ...) are
charged compared to the ground (i.e dry dusty wind). Electric charges
carried by airborne particles settle on the vehicule of which potential
difference compared to the ground can reach tens of kilovolts!
During fuel tank filling, a spark may inflame vapors if the vehicule is not
discharged first. Only a connector used to discharge a moving vehicule
can called "protective ground" without making a mistake
Rising sand
i=xya
R<10k
Huawei Confidential
Page 105
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Ground connection is not used as protection it is the equipotentiality

between chassis which is taken into account. It does not dry off the
leakage currents (except for HV in TT configuration)
A simple post can discharge an isolated moving vehicule. External
currents, including lightning current, are dried off both through the
ground and through other external cables.
Ground resistance is not important in cable protection
Huawei Confidential
Page 106
GROUNDING SYSTEM
For people as well as for equipment, the risk lies under too important
potential differences between near points. The most important thing
is for people the equipotentiality between chassis simultaneously
accessible and for equipment, the equipotentiality between
interconnected equipment.
The most important for equipment operation is the location

equipotentiality
Huawei Confidential
Page 107
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Ground resistance measurement
Ground connection quality is measured by its resistance.

Ground resistance is applicable only with low frequencies. Beyond
several MHz (frequency range in which electronic systems are very

sensitive), ground connector impedance can no longer be measured
and has physically no sense any more.
All the ground connectors on a single location shall be

interconnected.
Huawei Confidential
Page 108
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Importance of ground resistance measurement
When the absolute value of ground resistance is unchanged, it's
evolution in time is interesting (if the value falls, it means ground

cables are deteriorating). Ground network resetting may be required.
STORY
Automatic switch's ground resistance value = the infinity war bomb
had cut off the grounding conductor but no one had noticed it in the
system operation for half a century
Huawei Confidential
Page 109
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Ground resistivity
Ground resistivity is measured via 4-wire ground current meter. The

unit of measurement is the Ohm.meter
Resistivity < 300 is correct
Resistivity > 500 is bad
Contrary to ground network resistivity, ground resistivity is very

important
Resistivity of soil layers varies significantly and ground network

conductors should preferably be burried at low resistance depth.
In soils with high resistivity, meshed ground networks should be made of
small size meshes for good horizontal equipotentiality.
Huawei Confidential
Page 110
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Ground resistivity
With average ground resistivity and the geometry of underground
conductors, it is possible to assess the ground network resistance.
It is not very important but evaluating the resistance with calculation

and validating it with measurement may put the customer's mind at
ease
Huawei Confidential
Page 111
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Implementation of a ground network
Building
man-hole
min.
2m
Ground post
Vertical post or horizontal cable ?

Underground conductor may be rammed in vertically (post) or burried
horizontally (manhole bond or bridles)
Horizontal conductors are better for the location equipotentiality
Huawei Confidential
Page 112
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Implementation of a ground network
Horizontal conductors should be spaced by at least 20 cm from other

metal cables to reduce corrosion rate (use preferably 50 mm section
copper or 35 mm flat copper cable). Depth of lay: 1m. The trench will
be refilled with low resistivity arable soil, but not with crusher - run
stones. Underground cable connections should be brazed and
welded. Underground network should be meshed
Huawei Confidential
Page 113
GROUNDING SYSTEM
Example of meshing
Bridle
Bridle
Raft foundation
10m
Bridle
Bridle
Manhole bond
Huawei Confidential
Page 114
GROUNDING SYSTEM
3 mistakes to be avoided
Low ground resistance requirement
Only location equipotentiality is important, or at least the equipotentiality of

interconnected equipment (only the ground system of VHV station shall have low
impedance rate) let's not spend money in ground resistance reduction
Separated ground systems
They break the equipotentiality principle
Star connection of chassis to the ground connector
Meshing is the only solution allowing chassis current division and equipotentiality
improvement
Huawei Confidential
Page 115
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Geography of Microwave Survey

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY

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FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY

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In some circumstances 1/200 000 maps will also be useful.

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MERCATOR (Grard Kremer alias)

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Transverse cylindrical projection

Direct cylindrical projection

Oblique cylindrical projection

Example: UTM projection is divided of 60 zones of 6 in longitude

Tangent conic presentation

Secant conic presentation

Example: LAMBERT projection is divided into 4 zones

LAMBERT I - II - III - IV or LAMBERT II extended which covers all the

to be represented will be used. For France, we'll use clarke 1880

Ellipsoid is a mathematical model to define the earth surface

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Date of creation and update

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Geographic north is the north on the map.

Its possible to Check the magnetic variation via the internet:

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When Magnetic variation decreases, it means

Example of indication on IGN France map

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FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY

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On a single map, we can have two different projections.

Each map provides a legend that must be read.

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Each index contour line is accentuated

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Contour intervals: 10m

Enable to calculate geographic coordinates of any point on

Earth circumference 40000 km

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GREENWICH MERIDIAN OR MERIDIAN 0 (zero)

Latitude and longitude

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Cross with soft lead pencil

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degrees, ' minutes, " seconds

FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY

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The altimeter is a barometer

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Normal atmospheric pressure measured at standard point

Altitude m Pressure hpa

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Origin of altitudes measured

The altimeter under forcasts altitude deviations under warm

temperatures and overforcats them under cold temperatures.

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4000 m measured in a summer day with a temperature of 0C:

4000m measured in a winter day with a temperature of -20C: -9C

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It is thus necessary to apply the so-called double measurement