EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

Presentation
on

Chapter 1
Basic Concept of Elasticity

by
Kamal Singh Rawat

Contents
Elasticity
Stress
Surface Forces and Body Forces
State Of Stress at a Point
Directional Cosines
Stress Component on an Arbitrary Plane
Transformation of Stress Components
Principal Stress
Stress Invariant
Plane State of Stress
Stress Gradient
Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Elasticity

Fig. a. Prismatic bar

Elasticity

Fig. a. Prismatic bar

P
Fig. b. Prismatic bar under external load

Elasticity

Fig. a. Prismatic bar

P
Fig. b. Prismatic bar under external load

Fig. c. Prismatic bar after unloading

Stress
F

Stress:
The internal force set up in the body per unit area is called
stress

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Plane
PQ

Normal stress

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Plane
PQ

Normal stress
Shear stress

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Normal stress
Shear stress

Plane

Plane

PQ

PR

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Normal stress
Shear stress

Plane

Plane

PQ

PR

Stress is a tensor quantity

P

Normal stress
Shear stress

Plane

Plane

PQ

PR

Cont..
For a given plane stress is a vector quantity
For a given point stress is a tensor quantity

Cont..
For a given plane stress is a vector quantity
For a given point stress is a tensor quantity
Stress:
Stress is defined as the magnitude of the internal resisting
force developed at a point against the deformation caused due
to the external load.

Cont..
For a given plane stress is a vector quantity
For a given point stress is a tensor quantity
Stress:
Stress is defined as the magnitude of the internal resisting
force developed at a point against the deformation caused due
to the external load.
The external forces may be classified as:
Surface forces
Body forces

Surface & Body forces

Y
Surface forces

F1

F2

The surface forces act on the surface

or area elements of the body.

Body forces

R1

The body force acts on each volume

element of the body
Ex: gravitational force, inertia force

G
W
R3

R2
F3

X
Z

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

Normal and shear stress component

The State of Stress at a Point

an infinite number of planes can be drawn through a point
we get infinite number of stress vectors acting at a given
point,
The state of stress at any given point of a continuous body is
determined entirely by the components of stress in three
mutually perpendicular planes which pass through the chosen
point.

The State of Stress at a Point

an infinite number of planes can be drawn through a point
we get infinite number of stress vectors acting at a given
point,
The state of stress at any given point of a continuous body is
determined entirely by the components of stress in three
mutually perpendicular planes which pass through the chosen
point.

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

X
Z

Cont.
Y

Face
Direction

X
Z

Cont.
Y

Face
Direction

X
Z

Cont.
Y

Face
Direction

X
Z

Cont.
Y

Face
Direction

X
Z

Cont.
On x face / yz plane
On y face / xz plane
On z face / xy plane

Cont.
On x face / yz plane
On y face / xz plane
On z face / xy plane
The state of stress at a point can be represented by the above nine components of
stress known as stress tensor.

Cont.
On x face / yz plane
On y face / xz plane
On z face / xy plane
The state of stress at a point can be represented by the above nine components of
stress known as stress tensor.

Where,

Cont.
On x face / yz plane
On y face / xz plane
On z face / xy plane
The state of stress at a point can be represented by the above nine components of
stress known as stress tensor.

Where,

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

X
Z

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

X
Z

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

X
Z

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

X
Z

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

u
And,

X
Z

Direction Cosines
If any line exists in a three dimensional system and it makes some angle from
the three planes then the projection of this line on the three planes are called
direction cosines.

u
And,

X
Z

Or

Stress Component On an Arbitrary Plane

If we Know stress components acting on a point in three
mutually perpendicular planes we can determine the
stress components acting on any plane passing through
that point.
Let the three mutually perpendicular planes in the x, y, and z
coordinate system and let the arbitrary plane be identified by
its outward drawn normal whose direction cosines are .

Cont...
Z

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
Z
C

X
B

Cont...
If area of inclined face (ABC) is A then,
Area of BPC = projection of area ABC on the yz plane =

A.

Cont...
Z
C

h
A

X
B

Cont...
C

Point B is hidden

h
A

Cont...
C

h
A

Cont...
C

h
A

Cont...
C

h
A

Cont...
C

h
A

Cont...
If area of inclined face (ABC) is A then,

A.
Area of APC = projection of area ABC on the xz plane = A.
Area of APB = projection of area ABC on the xy plane = A.
Area of BPC = projection of area ABC on the yz plane =

Cont...
If area of inclined face (ABC) is A then,

A.
Area of APC = projection of area ABC on the xz plane = A.
Area of APB = projection of area ABC on the xy plane = A.
Area of BPC = projection of area ABC on the yz plane =

Let the body force component per unit volume in x, y, z direction be respectively.

Cont...
If area of inclined face (ABC) is A then,

A.
Area of APC = projection of area ABC on the xz plane = A.
Area of APB = projection of area ABC on the xy plane = A.
Area of BPC = projection of area ABC on the yz plane =

Let the body force component per unit volume in x, y, z direction be respectively.
For equilibrium:
In the x direction

Cont...
If area of inclined face (ABC) is A then,

A.
Area of APC = projection of area ABC on the xz plane = A.
Area of APB = projection of area ABC on the xy plane = A.
Area of BPC = projection of area ABC on the yz plane =

Let the body force component per unit volume in x, y, z direction be respectively.
For equilibrium:
In the x direction

In the limit as tends as h tends to zero, oblique plane ABC will pass through point P,
and the avg. stress component will be

(1)

Cont...
Similarly

...(2)
(3)
These equations known as Cauchys stress formula.

Cont...
Similarly

...(2)
(3)
These equations known as Cauchys stress formula.
On plane ABC
C

Cont...
Similarly

...(2)
(3)
These equations known as Cauchys stress formula.
On plane ABC
C

Substituting value of and from equations 1, 2 and 3 on the

above equation

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Cont...
If is the total shear stress on the plane ABC and are its direction cosines, then.

Similarly,

Transformation of Stress Components

y
C

x
B

Transformation of Stress Components

y
C

x
B

Transformation of Stress Components

y
C

x
B

Transformation of Stress Components

y
C

x
B

Cont....

Cont....

(1)

Cont....

(1)

Cont....

(1)

(2)

Cont....

(1)

(2)

(3)

y
C

x
B

x
B

Cont....
Substituting for n and for in the equation 1

Cont....
Substituting for n and for in the equation 1

By Substituting for n and for in the equation 2

Cont....
Substituting for n and for in the equation 1

By Substituting for n and for in the equation 2

Similarly can be obtained

Principal Stress
The plane on which the stress vector is wholly normal (shear
stress is zero) is called the principal plane and the corresponding
stress is known as the principal stress.

Principal Stress
The plane on which the stress vector is wholly normal (shear
stress is zero) is called the principal plane and the corresponding
stress is known as the principal stress.
Let us assume that there is a plane [whose normal vector is ] on
which the stress is wholly normal.

Principal Stress
The plane on which the stress vector is wholly normal (shear
stress is zero) is called the principal plane and the corresponding
stress is known as the principal stress.
Let us assume that there is a plane [whose normal vector is ] on
which the stress is wholly normal.
Let be the magnitude of this stress. Then resultant stress on this
plane is

Principal Stress
The plane on which the stress vector is wholly normal (shear
stress is zero) is called the principal plane and the corresponding
stress is known as the principal stress.
Let us assume that there is a plane [whose normal vector is ] on
which the stress is wholly normal.
Let be the magnitude of this stress. Then resultant stress on this
plane is

The component of this stress along the x, y and z axes are

Principal Stress
The plane on which the stress vector is wholly normal (shear
stress is zero) is called the principal plane and the corresponding
stress is known as the principal stress.
Let us assume that there is a plane [whose normal vector is ] on
which the stress is wholly normal.
Let be the magnitude of this stress. Then resultant stress on this
plane is

The component of this stress along the x, y and z axes are

.1

Cont...
Also from cauchys formula,
2

Cont...
Also from cauchys formula,
2

Subtracting equations set 1 from the above set of equations

Cont...
Also from cauchys formula,
2

Subtracting equations set 1 from the above set of equations

Equations set 3 is a set of homogeneous equations

Cont...

Cont...

Expanding the above determinant, we gets a cubic equation in

as:

Cont...

Expanding the above determinant, we gets a cubic equation in

as:

The three roots of the above cubic equation can be designated

as

Stress Invariants
The coefficient of , and the last term in the cubic equation can be written as
follows:

Stress Invariants
The coefficient of , and the last term in the cubic equation can be written as
follows:

Now equation can be written as:

Stress Invariants
The coefficient of , and the last term in the cubic equation can be written as
follows:

Now equation can be written as:

The quantities and are known as the first, second and third invariants of stress
respectively.

Cont...
An invariant is one whose value does not change when the frame of
reference is changed.

Cont...
An invariant is one whose value does not change when the frame of
reference is changed.
If , , is another frame of reference at the same point, and stress
components are
and then the values of new stress invariants are:

Cont...
An invariant is one whose value does not change when the frame of
reference is changed.
If , , is another frame of reference at the same point, and stress
components are
and then the values of new stress invariants are:

and similarly,

and

Cont...
An invariant is one whose value does not change when the frame of
reference is changed.
If , , is another frame of reference at the same point, and stress
components are
and then the values of new stress invariants are:

and similarly,

and

The principal stress at a point depends only on the state of stress

at that point and does not on the frame of reference.

Plane State of Stress

Y

X
Z

Plane State of Stress

Y

X
Z

Plane State of Stress

Y

X
Z

Plane State of Stress

Y

X
Z

Plane State of Stress

Y

X
Z

Cont...
If in a coordinate system xyz:
then the state is said to have a plane state of stress parallel to the xy
plane.

Cont...
Consider a plane with the normal lying in the xy plane. If and are the
directional cosines of the normal, so

Cont...
from cauchys formula,

If the normal stress () and shear stress () components on this

plane are given as:

Cont...
Normal stress on inclined plane

Shear stress on inclined plane

The principle stresses are given by:

Principal Stress for plane stress problem

In 3D
In 2D
Where,

Cont...
Location of the principle plane:
At principal plane shear stress is zero so:

The above equation gives two planes at right angle to each other.
Maximum shear stress at the point will be:

Stress Gradient
The variation of stress with distance is called stress gradient.
If the stress tensor at a point is known then the stress component in
the neighbourhood of the point can be known by expanding the
stress components by Taylor series.
Thus if is the stress at a point then the stress at a point at an
infinitely small distance will be given by:
Neglecting higher order terms, we get

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Differential Equation of Equilibrium

Y

dz
dy
dx

Cont...
For equilibrium in x direction

Cont...
For equilibrium in x direction

Dividing through by dx.dy.dz gives,

Cont...
For equilibrium in x direction

Dividing through by dx.dy.dz gives,

in the absence of body forces,

Cont...
Similarly for y and z direction

The equation of equilibrium must be satisfied at all points

throughout the volume of the body.

References
1. Ryder G.H., Strength of Materials Macmillan India Ltd.
2. Singh S., Experimental Stress Analysis Khanna
Publishers
3. Srinath L.S., Advanced Mechanics of Solids Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
4. Srinath L.S. et.al, Experimental Stress Analysis Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
5. Timoshenko S. Strength of Materials D. Van Nostrand
Inc.

Thank You