The journey so far...

Journey so far...

Epistemology

Science and philosophy of knowledge

constructivism
assimilation
accomodation
associationism

Visualisation

Mind Maps

Journey so far...

Blooms Taxonomy
Blooms Taxonomy

Learning Theories
Behavourism
Cognitivism
Social

Constructivism

Learning Styles

Last lecture...
Learning Styles

"You might belong in Gryffindor,

Where dwell the brave at heart,
There daring, nerve, and chivalry
Set Gryffindors apart

"You belong in Hufflepuff,

Where they are just and loyal,
Those patient Hufflepuffs are true
And unafraid to toil"

"Here in wise old Ravenclaw,

If you've a ready mind,
Those of wit and learning,
Will always find their kind."

"Here you are in Slytherin,

Where you'll make your real friends,
Those cunning folk use any means
To achieve their ends."

Learning Styles Models

Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator

Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (1875 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an

influential thinker and the

Founder of analytical psychology, also known as Jungian

Psychology

EXPLORING THE SOUL

A Challenge to Freud

Jungian Learning

Perception

Judgement

Sensor

Feeler

Intuitor

Thinker

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Based on Carl Jungs ideas

Created during World War II to
help women who were entering
the industrial workforce
Measured psychological
preferences in how people
perceive the world and make
decisions
http://www.myersbriggs.org

Gregorc Learning Style

Abstract
Sequential

Abstract

Concrete

Random

Random

Concrete
Sequential

Central to Learning Styles...

Importance of the social aspect and

communication in learning
knowledge

& meaning is contructed through

inter-personal mechanisms (verbal and
written )

Communications
Part 1

Agenda
Introduction
Brief History of Communications
Process of Communication
Active Listening
Non-Verbal Communication

Lecture notes partially based on Communication Skills presentation by

SoftLogic Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Communications
Introduction

Why Communication?
A communication

problem within IT

industry
See a normal IT scenario...

How Projects Really Work

http://www.projectcartoon.com/

Decipering the cartoon?

Break down and failure of

communication!

What is
communication?

Latin communicare - "to share, divide out; impart, inform; join, unite,
participate in," lit. "to make common,
A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior
The act of communicating; transmission.
The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech,
signals, writing, or behavior.
Interpersonal rapport.
Communications (used with a sing. or pl. verb)
1.
2.
3.

The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas.
The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by various
means, such as print or broadcasting.
Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such as
advertising, broadcasting, or journalism.

Something communicated; a message

Brief History of
Communications

Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model

Greek philosopher-teacher
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).

Aristotles definition of rhetoric is

one of the earliest definitions of
communication

Rhetoric is the faculty of

observing in any given case the
available means of persuasion
(Rhetoric 1335b).

Aristotle attempted to work out a

theory of communication and
language.

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model

Logos

Pathos

the matter under

discussion
the reader's
stake in that
matter

Ethos

the claims of the

author

Aristotles Model of Communication

Speaker

Message

Listener

Designed for public speaking/oration

Speaker at the center of the communication process
Speaker prepares a message for an intended audience
Message is intended to have an effect- influence the audience
Audience is seen to be passive and ready to be influenced by the
speaker's message

In other words, according to Aristotle a speaker sends a message to

an audience and the audience is affected by the message received.

Progress and development

Little development in Communications

theory during the intervening millenia

Rapid progress in 20th Century

espcially

after World War II

Laswells Model
Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect

Harold Dwight Lasswell

(1902-1978) American political

scientist and communications
theorist

World War II

Chief of the Experimental Division

for the Study of War Time
Communications at the Library of
Congress.
Analysed Nazi propaganda films
to identify mechanisms of
persuasion used to secure the
support of the German people for
the war

Laswells 5 Elements of Propaganda

Propaganda entailed five key elements

Lasswell assembled these elements into a model and then turned the model
into a simple question:
Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?
(declassified in 1948)

If you found the right answers to each of the five elements of the question,
then you could create effective propaganda unless, of course, too much
noise unplanned static or distortion during the communication process
resulted in the receiver receiving a different message than the sender sent.

...bring the boys home.

For example, it was

discovered that Help win
the war wasnt the most
effective slogan to use for
selling war bonds.
Appealed to men, but not
women.
This led to the development
of a more effective slogan:
Help win the war and
bring the boys home.

The Shannon-Weaver Model

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Schramms Model of Communication

Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955

Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Schramms Model of
Communication

First stage one way

Emphasis on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without any
recognition for noise.
It too was a one-way direction of communication flow.

Second stage two way

Emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and receiver.
The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needs
and abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to shared
experience, and thus the selects the right channel and at the same time encodes
the message in the way that can be understood by the receiver.
Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow.

Third stage - feedback

Feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system. In

this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompasses
sender, receiver, good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, and
feedback. The flow which ends with feedback starts immediately again to make a
circular process.

Berlo S-M-R-C Model

When one is
attempting to convey
an emotionally
complex message,
the Berlo Model may
be the more
appropriate choice.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/Faculty/
Carson/508/03Website/Hayden/berl
o.html

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Assignement

Website design Aristotles

Rhetorical principles (part 1)

Ethos - ethos, from which we get the word "ethical," has to do with reputation or character, in
other words what other people think of us and whether they feel they can trust us.

Logos - logos, from which we get the word "logical," concerns the logic and consistency of the
message being communicated.

In terms of digital design, ethos or credibility is extremely important for you to keep in mind because online
trust determines whether people feel your site and its message are credible. Digital ethos can be
constructed by a number of factors, such as visual appeal, organized navigation, and rich information
content. Yet the ancient Greek word ethos also had another basic meaning, that of habitual gathering place,
and in some regards, online ethos can also be seen as whether a designer has constructed a site to which
people can return again and again, or whether the site creates a sense of online community through user
interactions.

In other words, does the content of your site make sense and is it written in a consistent tone or style?
Consistency also becomes important in terms of overall site structure. A poorly organized site with visually
confusing pages can undermine the concept of logos, which in turn can reduce the site's overall ethos. For
Aristotle, all points of the rhetorical triangle were interrelated.

Pathos - pathos, from which we get the words "pathetic" and "empathy," deals with the emotions,
specifically those of the audience. In classical rhetorical theory, playing on an audience's
emotions was seen as a primary vehicle of persuasion, but in more modern times, pathos has
come to mean any rhetorical act that addresses audience expectations or information needs.

In this regard, it is extremely important that you understand and analyze the audiences for your Web site,
anticipating their informational and navigational needs at every click of your site. That is why Jakob Nielsen
and his colleague stress using concise, scannable text in all Web documents -- because that's the way most
Web users read.
http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Assignement

Website design Aristotles

Rhetorical principles (part 2)

In your first assignment for this class, due September 9th, you'll be asked to compose a rhetorical analysis of an
organizational Web site. In this analysis, you should examine all three points of the rhetorical triangle and how
well the designers have addressed these three elements in their site design. In other words, you'll be discussing
how the designers constructed ethos, logos, and pathos.
Audience Analysis
Identification and analysis of your Web site's audience is perhaps the most crucial step you can take in the early
stages of your design process. Factors to examine in any audience analysis include:

Context in which the site is being read

User attitudes and motivations
Education and reading levels
Professional experience
Organizational role.

For general Internet use, your audience may be so broad as to defy description, but in most situations, you can
gain a very detailed sense of who your audience members are and what their informational needs are.

In professional digital design firms, audience analysis and user testing are primary components of the design
process and are conducted for many weeks before the first line of code is ever written. Why? Such testing helps
designers fashion both content and structure of the site in order to reduce the need for changes once the site is
being constructed. Such user testing includes everything from focus group interviews to unsability studies in which
people navigate through prototype sections of a site and report problems they experience. As part of your Web
site proposal due March 28th, I expect you to include a fairly extensive analysis of who your audience is for your
proposed site.
http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Process of
Communication

Process of Communication

Source

Why to communicate?

What to communicate?

Usefulness of the communication

Accuracy of the information to be communicated

Encoding

The process of transferring the information you want to

communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at
the other end.

Ability to convey the information.

Eliminate sources of confusion, e.g. cultural issues, mistaken

assumptions, missing information, etc

Know your audience.

Channels

Written

Letters
Memos
Proposals
Reports
Presentations
E-mails
SMS text
Instant Messenging
Tweets

Verbal

Meetings
Telephone conversations
Video conferencing

Decoding

Effective decoding

Listen actively

Read information carefully

Ask questions for better understanding

Avoid/reduce confusion

Receiver

Prior knowledge can influence the receivers

understanding of the message

Blockages in the receivers mind

The surrounding disturbances

Feedback

Feedback can be:

Verbal
Non-verbal
Written
Positive
Negative

Context

The sender needs to communicate the context

to the receiver for better clarity in the overall
communications process.

Situation

Different cultures

e.g. introduction, sales pitch, conflict, an exam, etc.

e.g. academic, corporate, international, regional, etc.

Language
Location or place

e.g. restaurant, office, classroom, etc.

Communication & the Organisation

Understanding communication process is critical to
management of the organization. Managers
should understand that communication is rarely
understood as it should be. The distortion of
the message can happen at any of the stages in
communication process-sender, receiver,
encoding, decoding, channel, message and
feedback.
Prof.Appalayya Meesala, Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management
http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Dr.Appalayya_Meesala

What makes a good

communicator?

What makes a good

communicator?
Written

Oral

Academic Writing
Revision and editing
Critical Reading
Presentation of Data

Presentation
Audience Awareness
Critical Listening
Body Language

Non-Verbal
Audience Awareness
Personal Presentation
Body Language

http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm

What makes a good communicator?

In other words...

An active listener

An effective presenter

A quick thinker

A win-win negotiator

We will be examining each of these areas in detail over the coming

weeks

Active Listening
4 steps

Active Listening
1.

Understand your own

communication style

2.

Listen With Purpose

3.

Use non-verbal
communication

4.

Give feedback

(in detail below)

Active Listening

1) Understand your own

communication style

High level of self-awareness to creating good & long lasting impression

on others.

Understand how others perceive you

Avoid being a chamelon by changing with every personality you meet

Make others comfortable by selecting appropriate behavior that suits

your personality while listening. (Ideally, nodding your head).

Active Listening

2) Listen With Purpose

People speak 100-175 words per minute but can listen intelligently at 300
WPM

One part of human mind pays attention, so it is easy to go into mind drift

Listen with a purpose

Purpose can be to:

gain information

obtain directions

understand others

solve problems

share interest

see how another person feels

show support

etc.

If it is difficult to concentrate, repeat the speakers words in your mind

Active Listening

3) Use Non-verbal Communication

Eye contact

Smile

Gestures

Your posture

Cultural cues

(More on this momentarily...)

Active Listening

4) Give Feedback

Remember... what someone says and what we hear can be vastly

different

Repeat back or summarize to ensure that you understand

Restate what you think you heard and ask:

"Have I understood you correctly?"

Non-verbal
Communication Skills
6 Ways of Using Non-verbal
Communication Skills
Effectively

Non-verbal Communication Skills

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal
Communication Skills
Effectively
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Eye contact
Facial expressions
Gestures
Posture and body orientation
Proximity
Paralinguistic

Non-verbal communication

1) Eye Contact

The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body.
Different types of eye contact:
Action

Result

Direct eye contact

Confidence

Looking downwards

Listening carefully, guilt/shame

Single eyebrow raised

Doubt, scepticism

Both eyebrows raised

Admiring, encouragement

Bent eyebrows

Sudden focus, intesity

Tears

Emotional - joy or pain

and many more

Non-verbal communication

2) Facial Expression

Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression

Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:

Happiness

Friendliness

Warmth

Liking

Affiliation

Non-verbal communication

3) Gestures

Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement

to students and indicate that you are listening.

A lively and animated communication style captures peoples'

attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates
understanding and provides a bit of entertainment.

If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring,

stiff and unanimated.

Non-verbal communication

4) Posture and Body Orientation

You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk,

stand and sit.

Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward

communicates to your audience that you are approachable,
receptive and friendly.

Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling

should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience

Non-verbal communication

5) Proximty

Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for

interaction with audience

You should look for signals of discomfort caused

by invading your audiences space

Some of these are:

rocking
leg swinging
tapping
gaze aversion
sitting back
clasping hands behind head

Non-verbal communication

6) Paralinguistic

Vocal elements, such as:

Tone

Pitch

Rhythm

Timbre

Loudness

Inflection

Finally... some body Facts

You have over 630 muscles in your body.

It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to

produce human speech.

The strongest muscle in your body is your tongue.

Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.

use it effectively

Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000 times a

day.

You have over 30 muscles in your face to help you

smile or frown.

17 muscles to smile
43 muscles frown
So... smile everytime you see someone its easier!

To sum up...

How Project Really Work

http://www.projectcartoon.com/

History of Communications

Aristotle
Rhetoric

art of oration and

persuasion

1940s & post-World War II

Laswell
Shannon-Weaver
Schramm

Process of Communication

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Source
Encoding
Channel
Decoding
Receiver
Context
Feedback

What makes a good

communicator?
Written

Oral

Academic Writing
Revision and editing
Critical Reading
Presentation of Data

Presentation
Audience Awareness
Critical Listening
Body Language

Non-Verbal
Audience Awareness
Personal Presentation
Body Language

http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm

Active Listening

To achieve Active Listening:

1.

Understand your own communication style

2.

Listen With Purpose

3.

Use non-verbal communication

4.

Give feedback

Non-verbal Communication Skills

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal
Communication Skills
Effectively
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Eye contact
Facial expressions
Gestures
Posture and body orientation
Proximity
Paralinguistic