Ideal Transformer

[Chapter 9]

Introduction
Transformers are one of the most useful electrical devices
provides a change in voltage and current levels
provides galvanic isolation between different electrical circuits
changes the apparent magnitude value of an impedance

Voltage Induction

For a coil consisting of N turns placed

in a time-varying sinusoidal flux, the
flux induces a sinusoidal ac voltage

the rms value of the voltage

f is the sinusoidal frequency

max is the peak flux as defined by

the peak flux is useful for

working with iron cores and
assessing the impact of losses
and saturation
max = Bmax Acore

Applied Voltage
Consider a coil connected across an AC
voltage source
the coil and source resistances are negligible
the induced voltage E must equal the source
voltage; KVL
a sinusoidal AC flux must exist to generate the
induced voltage on the N turns of the coil
o max varies in proportion to Eg
o placing an iron core in the coil will not change the flux

magnetization current Im drives the AC flux

o the current is 90 out-of-phase and lagging with respect
to the voltage
o with an iron core, less current is needed to drive the AC
flux

Induced Voltages
Example
a coil, having 4000 turns, links an AC flux with a peak value
of 2 mWb at a frequency of 60 Hz
calculate the rms value of the induced voltage
what is the frequency of the induced voltage?
Example
a coil, having 90 turns, is connected to a 120 V, 60 Hz source
the rms magnetization current is 4 A
calculate the peak value of the flux and the mmf
find the inductive reactance and the inductance of the coil

Elementary Transformer
Consider an air-core coil
excited by an AC source Eg
draws a magnetization current Im
produces a total flux

A second coil is brought close to

the first
a portion m1 of the flux couples the second
coil, the mutual flux
an AC voltage E2 is induced
the flux linking only the first coil is called
the leakage flux, f1

Consider an air-core coil

the magnetization current Im
produces both fluxes m1
and f1

Improved flux coupling

the fluxes are in-phase

the voltages Eg and E2 are in phase
terminal orientation such that the
coil voltages are in-phase are said
to possess the same polarity

concentric windings, iron core

weak coupling causes small E2

Ideal Transformer

An ideal transformer

transformer has no losses

core is infinitely permeable
all fluxes link all coils
there are no leakage fluxes

Voltage relationship
consider a transformer with two coils of
N1 and N2 turns
a magnetizing current Im creates a flux
m
the flux varies sinusoidally and has a
peak value of max
the induced voltages are

from these equations, it can be deduced

that

the ratio of the primary and secondary

voltages is equal to the ratio of the
number of turns

E1 and E2 are in-phase

polarity marks show the terminal

on each coil that have a peak
positive voltage simultaneously

Ideal Transformer

Current relationship
let a load be connected across the
secondary of an ideal transformer
current I2 will immediately flow
I2 = E2 / Z
coil voltages E1 and E2 cannot
change when connected to a fixed
voltage source and hence flux m
cannot change
current I2 produces an mmf

m can only remain fixed if the

primary circuit develops a mmf which
exactly counterbalances mmf2
current I1 must flow such that

mmf2 = N2 I2
if mmf2 acts along, it would
profoundly change m

I1 and I2 must be in-phase

when I1 flows into the positive

polarity marking of the primary, I2
flows out of the positive polarity
marking of the secondary

Ideal Transformer

Ideal transformer model

a = N 1 / N2
E2 = E1 / a
I1 = I 2 / a

Ideal Transformer
Example
a not so ideal transformer has 200 turns in the primary coil and 10 turns in
the secondary coil. the mutual coupling is perfect, but the magnetization
current is 1 A. the primary coil is connected to a 480 V, 60 Hz source.
calculate the secondary rms voltage, peak voltage
Example
for the transformer above, a load is connected to the secondary coil that
draws 80 A of current at a 0.8 lagging pf. calculate the primary rms current
and draw the phasor diagram

Impedance Ratio

Transformers can also be used to

transform an impedance

the source sees the effective impedance

Zx = E1/I1
on the other side, the secondary winding of
the transformer sees the actual impedance
Z = E2/I2
the effective impedance is related to the
actual impedance by

Shifting
Impedances

Impedances located on the

secondary side of a
transformer can be relocated
to the primary side
the circuit configuration
remains the same (series or
shunt connected) but the
shifted impedance values are
multiplied by the turns ratio
squared
Impedance on the primary
side can be moved to the
secondary side in reverse
manner
the impedance values are
divided by the turns ratio
squared

Shifting Impedances

In general, as an impedance is
shifted across the transformer

the real voltage across the impedance

increases by the turns ratio
the actual current through the
impedance decreases by the turns
ratio
the required equivalent impedance
increases by the square of the turns
ratio

Example
using the shifting of impedances calculate
the voltage E and current I in the circuit,
knowing that the turns ratio is 1:100

Ideal Transformer

Tutorials
Problems: 9-1, 9-4, 9-6, 9-7