The Instructional Design

Process
November 9, 2000

Learning & Instruction

Define learning

Development of new KSA

Permanent change in behavior

Define instruction

Arrangement of the environment (mediapresented information) to facilitate learning

Instructional Need

How do you know if you have one?

Performance need is gap between existing

and desired behavior
Instructional need is a performance need
that can be solved by instruction (rather
than changes in resources, personnel, etc.)

Instructional design is...

The systematic process of translating

principles of learning and instruction into
specifications for instructional materials
and activities
-Smith & Ragan
Producing a solution to an instructional
problem
-Lockee

What does a designer do?

The primary role of the designer is to:

Decide what is important for students to

learn.
Effectively arrange the learning
environment (media) to maximize the
probability of individual student learning
(permanent changes in behavior).

Instructional Design is based

on..

General Systems Theory

Educational Psychology Theory

From Behaviorism to Constructivism

Communication Theory

A set of interrelated and acting parts that work

together toward a common goal

Sender, receiver, feedback

Instructional Theory

What are the advantages of

ID?

Focus on what learner will be able to do

as a result of the instruction
Linkage between components
Empirical and replicable process
Produces consistent instruction
Facilitates effective assessment methods
Applicable across settings

ID Process: Step by Step

Needs analysis
Determine instructional goal
Analyze the instructional goal

Necessary entry behaviors

Step-by-step goal performance

Analyze learners and contexts

Prior knowledge
Learning environment
Application of skills and knowledge

Components of Systems
Approach

Write performance objectives

Very specific and measureable

Some include conditions

Develop assessment instruments

Emphasis on accurately measuring

behaviors
Now rather than later...

Components of Systems
Approach

Develop instructional strategies

Presentation of information
Practice and feedback
Testing
Follow-up activities

Develop instruction

Creation of materials
Deliverables which exemplify previous steps

Components of Systems
Approach

Conduct formative evaluation of instruction

Revise instruction

One-to-one prototype testing

Small group evaluation
Field testing

Data from formative evaluation used to assess

whole process

Conduct summative evaluation

Or simply put...

Design
Develop
Evaluate
Sometimes called Instructional
Development

Basic ID Model
Dick&Carey,1966

ID Resources
Dick, W. & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction
(4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
Smith, P. & Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional design (2nd ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Gagne, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of
instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
Shambaugh, R., & Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering the possibilities:
A process approach to instructional design. Allyn & Bacon:
Boston.