Chalmers University of Technology

Gas turbine technology MTF 171

TomasGrnstedt
tomas.gronstedt@chalmers.se
Applied mechanics

Chalmers University of Technology

Why read the course ?

Head of GE Europe about Scandinavia

Largepooloftalentedpeoplethatwecantapontobecomepartofour
organization.Medicalarea,powergeneration,aircraftengine,
consumerfinance

As mechanical engineer, one should

know how a jet engine works?

Applythermodynamicsandfluidmechanics

Fun?!
Master thesis opportunities

Previousworkincludemodeling
anddiagnosticson:PW100engineJT9D,GT10C,

Spacelaunchermodel,Cooledcoolingingasturbines,
weightestimation,environmentalmodeling

Aerospace is no longer composed

of non-profit organizations

GNP increased 3.8% between 1960-1990,

revenue passenger miles 9.5 %
1990:ies GNP: 2.4% and RPM 5.7%
Air traffic growth triple over next 20 years.

Boeing is forecasting
solid growth

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Lecture 1 - overview
Course introduction
History of the gas turbine
Course content an overview
Course evaluation process

Revision of some elementary thermodynamics

Gas turbine applications I
Industrial gas turbines and aero derivatives
Land and marine transport
Aircraft propulsion

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History of the gas turbine

150 BC Hero, Aeolipile
1232 - Chinese began to use rockets
as weapons (battle of Kai Keng)
1629 - Giovanni Branca developed a
stamping mill

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History of the gas turbine

1687 - Sir Isaac Newton
announces the three laws of
motion
1.

2.
3.

Everyobjectinastateofuniform
motiontendstoremaininthat
stateofmotionunlessanexternal
forceisappliedtoit(Galileosconcept
ofinertia)
F=ma
Foreveryactionthereisanequaland
oppositereaction.

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History of the gas turbine

1872 - Dr. F. Stolze designed the

first true gas turbine engine

multistage axial compressor and

turbine turbomachinery
No net power output.

Brayton cycle is loss sensitive!

Specific work output = w [J/kg]
= difference between two large
numbers
1903 - Aegidius Elling of
Norway built the first
successful gas turbine

both rotary compressors and

turbines - the first gas turbine
with excess power.

wideal c p T3 T4 c p T2 T1

compressor power
turbine power output

requirement

wactual c p T3 T4 a c p T2 a T1


decreases in
real cycle

increases in
real cycle

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The Elling turbine

Theprocesswasbuiltasfollows:
atmosphericairentersthroughthe
compressorB,fromwhichapartofthe
compressedairisbledoffatC,constituting
thenetpoweroutputfromtheengine.The
restofthecompressedairpassestothe
combustionchamberD,wherefuelis
injected,E.Thehotgasesunderpressure
passthroughawatercoolerFbeforeitenters
intotheturbineT.Thesteamproducedinthe
coolerismixedwiththecombustiongasesin
frontoftheturbine.Themixtureof
combustiongasesandsteamhada
temperatureofabout400C.

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TheEllingTurbine
On the 27th June
1903 Elling wrote in
his diary:
IthinkIhavemadethe
worldsfirstgasturbine
whichhasgivenexcess
power

In 1933 Elling prophetically

wrote:
WhenIin1882startedto
workonthegasturbineitwas
forthesakeoftheaeronautics
andIfirmlybelievethat
aeronauticsisstillwaitingfor
thegasturbine

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History - characteristics

High power to weight ratio

Absence of reciprocating parts =>
balance problems are few
Lubricating oil consumption exceptionally low
Reliability is high (at least it should be possible to
make it high)

Obvious application ?!

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History gas turbine

Sir Frank Whittle, England

patented a design for a gas
turbine for jet propulsion.
The specifications of the first jet
engine were: Airflow=25lb/s,Fuel

Consumption=200gal/hror1300lb/hr,Thrust=
1000lb,SpecificFuelconsumption=1.3lb/hr/lb

Powered the Gloster E28/39

Britain on 15 May 1941.

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History of the gas turbine

In 1936:
Hans von Ohain
(young Ph.D. student in
Germany) developed
and patented his own
engine design.

In 1939:
The aircraft company
Ernst Heinkel Aircraft
flew the first flight of a
jet engine propelled
aircraft, the HE178.

Chalmers University of Technology

Course overview
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

History, revision of thermodynamics, introduction

and applications. Ideal cycles. Industrial lecturer.
Real cycles. Inclusion of component losses in
preliminary design. Elementary
nozzle and radial compressor
theory. Hand out of
Design task 1.
Aircraft engines. Hand in of design task 1.
Turbines. Elementary theory, performance
and cooling. Centrifugal
compressors 2. Hand out of Design task 2.
Axial compressors. Tutorial using compEDU.
Hand in of design task 2.
Gas turbine performance 1 and
combustion. Demo of research linear
cascade. Hand out of Design task 3.
Rya combined heat and power plant
study visit. Hand in of design task 3.

Written exam, 2007-03-10.Oral Exam, 2007-03-20 (suggested date decided by you)

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Heritage from predecessors

Goals 2003:

Course should provide different learning paths

OH-material based on CRS nomenclature
Build on Thermodynamics course MTF041, Boles, M.A., Cengel, Y.A. nomenclature

Changes after 2003 course:

Hand out design tasks earlier
Limit lectures to 3 hours

Changes from 2004 course:

CompEDU support axial compressors, maintenance and overhaul
Design task 3 excellent for learning chapter 8 + chapter 9 but time requiring => this
year it REPLACES chapter 8 and chapter 9.

Changes from 2005 course:

"gas turbine for beginners...

Study visit
Learning goals and continuous course evaluation

Changes from 2006 course:

Replace problem 2.3 with exam problem. MATLAB is a learning goal. Review of
design task 2. Single light industrial lecturer.

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Continuous course evaluation

2 course representatives

Meeting 1:

Last years meeting protocol

Planned changes are discussed
Goals and structure of course is discussed

Meeting 2:

Compensation for effort

Mail addresses stated on course home page

Week 3-4.
Feedback from group should be presented
Present feedback on homepage
Try to implement changes for the remaining part of the course

Meeting 3:

Course survey handed out during week 7-8 (prior to third meeting)
Student representatives compile the results (prior to third meeting)
Evaluation meeting
Discuss course evaluation and exam results
Protocol by student representatives to be signed by program responsible and course
responsible
List of changes to be implemented until next year.
Course responsible summarizes the main issues on the meeting which is put on the course
home page

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Course PM
Course Events:
Invited lecturer from Volvo Aero on Thursday
12th February - Henrik Ekstrand
Study visit to Rya CHP plant (only mandatory event).

Design tasks
Either 10 bonus credits on exam
Entry ticket to oral exam

Literature: Gas Turbine Theory, Cohen,

Rogers, Saravanamuttoo
First print 1951, focus on application.
Still the best presentation of the field
A considerable amount of sittflsk is needed to
excel in this course
Book sections are broken down into: Relevant, Important, Very
important reading sections

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First law conservation of energy

Closed system (ideal gas turbine cycles):

Q W E U KE PE
Control volume. Fig. 410.
(For instance, inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, nozzle):

Ve2
Vi 2
Q W m e he
gze m i hi
gzi
2
2
all exits e

all inlets i

Flow work is
performed.
define h = u+pv
instead of u

Gustav Zeuner
1859

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Basic concepts related to second law

Reversible process=processthatcan
bereversedwithoutleavinganytraceonthe
surroundings(5.7reversibleandirreversibleprocesses)

Reservoir=absorbfiniteamountof

energywithoutchangingtemperature(52
thermalenergyreservoirs)

Heat engine=receiveheatfromhigh
tempsourceandrejecttolowtemp.sink.
Operateoncycle.
Producework

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The Carnot Principle

1. Theefficiencyofanirreversibleheatengine
isalwayslessthantheefficiencyofa
reversibleoneoperatingbetweenthesame
tworeservoirs.
2. Theefficienciesofallreversibleheat
enginesoperatingbetweenthesametwo
reservoirsarethesame

TL
th 1
TH

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The Carnot Cycle

1. Hard to realize in
practice
2. Standard against
which real cycles
can be compared

TL
th 1
TH

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Perfect gas and ideal gas

Ideal gas => following equation of state holds

Pv RT

(1)

For an ideal gas experiment has shown (Joules experiment, U

is independent of v):

u u (T )
Enthalpy is defined: h u Pv
(1) (2) (3)

( 2)
(3)
h h(T )

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Perfectgasandidealgas
The specific heat at constant pressure is defined

h
cp

Since the enthalpy for an ideal gas depends only on T =>

dh
cp
c p T
dT
Perfect gas => temperature dependence is neglected:

h c p T

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Combining the first and second laws:

The first law:

du dq dw
Only pressure-volume work (dw=-Pdv) and for reversible changes
(dqr=Tds):

du Tds Pdv
Using ideal gas law and assuming isentropic process (ds=0 as
well as du=dh - (Pdv+vdP) - by definition of h):

dh
dP
R
T
P

T2 P2

T 1 P1

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Industrial gas turbines

Industrial gas turbines?

Aircraft gas turbine is
self-explanatory.
Industrial = the rest.

Requirements for industrial

gas turbines
Long required life (100 000
hours between major overhaul)
Size and weight not as critical
as for aircraft gas turbine
Kinetic energy leaving
the turbine is wasted

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Marine and land transportation

Gas turbine characteristics

High power density
High fuel consumption (for low pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures)
compared to Diesel engine
Poor part load performance
Low noise and low maintenance

Mainly successful in
naval applications
cruise ships
M1 tank

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Marine and land transportation

Example:
Max speed 36 knots, cruise 18 knots.
Power requirement ~
c V 3
Thus, cruise power approx. 1/8 of max power
Combined cycles were developed to avoid part load gas
turbine inefficiency
COSAG = COmbined Steam And Gas
CODOG = COmbined Diesel Or Gas
COGAG = COmbined Gas And Gas

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Uses of combined configurations

COSAG
Only used on British military ships entering service between
1961 and 1973.

CODOG
Diesel has good cruise fuel economy, but bulkier and larger
underwater noise. Small cruise Diesel and a large boost gas
turbine is common.

COGAG
Frequent in destroyers (small, fast and lightly armored but
heavily armed warship)
The first large vessels to use COGAG was the Soviet "KASHIN"
class in 1964 (design calculations appeared on 2003 exam)

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Naval ships
Four LM2500 GE Marine Gas
Turbines (105,000 shp in total)
are used on the DDG-51
destroyer
COGAG
31 knots (57 km/h)

American navy
has more than
600 engines of the
LM2500 type

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The Millenium - why gas turbine propulsion ?

Lower and easier maintenance

Gain of volume and weight considerable (900 tons + 50 pax cabins +
20 crew's cabins)
Lower noise and vibrations level => better comfort
Reliable, one serious breakdown for 48,800 h.
(10 years of commercial exploitation)
A factor of 1000 less need for lubrication's oil!

Gas Electricity
Steam
Electric power (propulsion + other) by combined cycle (COGES type): gas
turbines and steam turbines. Two main alternators (25 MW) are driven by two
gas turbines type LM2500. Each gas turbine is equipped with a recuperative
boiler which produces the necessary steam to drive a steam turbine (one for
the 2 gas turbines) used to drive 9MW alternator => The thermal output is
then 43% instead of 39% with gas turbine only.

TheMillenium
cruiseship

Chalmers University of Technology

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Water jets

Propulsive water jets range from small aluminum units handling powers up
to a few hundred kilowatts to stainless steel units with ratings up to 50MW.

As shown below they can be supplied with steering and reversing systems
or as boosters giving ahead thrust only

Water pump connected

via drive shaft

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M1 tank part load performance

Power plant:
AGT-1500 Turbine, 1500hp
Performance:
Maximum speed > 70 km/h
1% efficiency at idle!!!!
High power-to-weight ratio
Use CODOG for extended range
LV100-5 gas turbine engine for
the M1A2. The new engine is
lighter and smaller with rapid
acceleration, quieter running and
no visible exhaust.

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Aircraft propulsion
Gas turbines are the dominating power
plant for aircraft
Piston engines restricted to niche market
(light aircraft)

Three major types of engines:

Turbojet (high speed flight)
Turbofan (medium speed flight)
Turboprop (low speed flight)

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Turboprop the PT6

Pratt & Whitney Canada

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Turbofan engine
Fan diameter:
2.95 meters
Power A380
maiden flight
Thrust 338kN
(Trent 977)
Civil turbofan
(high bpr)

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Turbofan engine
RM12 engine powering the
Swedish GRIPEN fighter
Military turbofan (low bpr)

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Learning goals
Understand the steps in the slides on
thermodynamics
Check Cengel and Boles
Check revision questions on next page

Know several different fields of application for

industrial gas turbines
What is characteristic of a gas turbine engine when
compared with outer power plants?

Know the main types of aircraft gas turbine

engines?
Know which speed ranges that are suitable for the
different cycles?

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Revision questions - thermodynamics

Derive cp=cv+R. Hint use definitions of cp, cv, h and

the ideal gas law.
Complete the step:

dh
dP
R
T
P

T2 P2

T 1 P1

cp

Use cp=cv+R and c

v

Explain why the gas turbine cycle is very

sensitive to losses