Chapter 3

Stoichiometry Calculation with

Chemical Formulas and Equations

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is written to represent a chemical
reaction.
The following example illustrates the information that is
conveyed by a chemical equation.
Methane is the principal component of natural gas. Methane
burns in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and water.
In this reaction methane and oxygen are the reactants, and
carbon dioxide and water are the products.
The chemical equation corresponding to this reaction is:

Chemical Equations
Although this equation is a qualitative
statement of fact, "Methane and oxygen
react to form carbon dioxide and water," it
is not quantitatively correct.
The law of conservation of mass has not
been obeyed. To correct this, we must
balance the equation by changing
coefficients where appropriate.

Chemical Equations
Coefficients are the numbers that appear to the left of the
chemical symbols. When no number appears to the left of a
chemical symbol, as is the case for each reactant and
product in this equation, the coefficient is presumed to be
one.
This type of equation can be balanced by inspection. The
first disparity to be corrected is the number of hydrogen
atoms. In the unbalanced equation there are four hydrogen
atoms to the left of the arrow and only two to the right. To
fix this, we change the coefficient of water, on the right,
to a 2.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Chemical Equations
The ability to balance equations
proficiently is vitally important. Some
tips:
Adjust the coefficients for compounds
first and elements last.
For now, balance equations using only
whole numbers.

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Elements in the same group in the
periodic table tend to have very
similar chemical properties.
Sodium and potassium, for example,
each react with water in the same
way to produce the corresponding
metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
In fact, all of the members of group 1A (
alkali metals) react with water in the same
way.
The equation corresponding to this general
reaction is

where M can represent any group 1A metal.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Sodium and Potassium in Water

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Because there are so many different
chemical reactions, it is helpful to organize
them by recognizing that many reactions
fall into one of a small number of
categories.
For instance,
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2H2O2 2H2O + O2

appear to be very different equations.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
The reactions they represent,
though, all fall into the category of
decomposition reactions.
Essentially the opposites of
decomposition, combination reactions
are those in which two or more
reactants react to form a single
product.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Other categories of common reactions include
combustion reactions and oxidation-reduction reactions.
Combustion reactions of hydrocarbons and related
compounds constitute an enormous number of reactions,
many of which are very useful.
Combustion of such compounds involves combination with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. We have
already seen an example of a combustion reaction in Section
3.1, namely the combustion of methane.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Other substances can undergo
combustion, too.
For example, hydrogen combines with
oxygen to produce only water.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Elemental sulfur combines with
oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide.

Patterns of Chemical
Reactivity
Airbags

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Atomic and Molecular

Weights
The atomic mass scale gives the mass of each
element relative to the mass of 12C.
The amu is defined by assigning a mass of 12 amu
as the mass of a 12C atom.

1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g

1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu

The atomic mass unit scale allows us to use a

chemical formula to determine the percentage
composition by mass of a compound.

Atomic and Molecular

Weights
For instance, each carbon dioxide, CO2, molecule
consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen
atoms.
Oxygen has a mass of 15.9949 amu (an atom of
16O has a mass of 15.9949/12 that of an atom of
12C), the percentage composition of CO2 is 27.28
percent carbon by mass and
(2 x 15.9949amu)/(12amu + 2 x 15.9949amu) x
100% = 72.72 percent oxygen by mass.

Atomic and Molecular

Weights
Average atomic mass
Most elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes
The atomic mass of an element is determined using its
various isotopes and their relative abundances

Formula and Molecular weight

The formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights of
each atom in its chemical formula
If he chemical formula of a substance is its molecular
formula, the formula weight is also called the molecular
weight

Atomic and Molecular

Weights
Percentage composition from formulas
Molecular weight: sum of atomic weights of each
atom in chem. formula
Chem. formula percentage composition
Ex: Percentage composition of C12H22O11:
MW of C12H22O11: 342 g/mol

Atomic and Molecular

Weights
1212 g/mol
%C
100% 42.1%
342 g/mol
221 g/mol
%H
100% 6.4%
342 g/mol
1116 g/mol
%O
100% 51.5%
342 g/mol

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

The Mole
Just as a baker uses "dozen" to mean twelve, a
chemist uses "mole" (abbreviated mol) to mean
6.022 x 1023.
Further, just as the word dozen can apply to any
collection of twelve objects, the word mole can
apply to any collection of 6.022 x 1023 objects,
whether they be atoms, molecules, or ions.
Using the atomic mass unit scale, we can
determine the mass of a mole of water molecules.

The Mole
Converting this to grams gives us a
number of more convenient
magnitude.

The Mole
It is not a coincidence that we ended up with the
same number in grams as the original number of
amus.
Just as one molecule of water has a mass of
18.02 amu, one mole of water molecules has a
mass of 18.02 grams.
Likewise, the mass of a molecule of CO2 is 44.01
amu, and the mass of a mole of CO2 molecules is
44.01 grams. Half of that mass would contain half
as many particles.

The Mole

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Chemical substances such as water, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium
chloride have formulas that describe the
relative amounts of their constituent
elements.
The formula for water, H2O, indicates that
a water molecule contains two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Likewise, the formula for carbon dioxide indicates
that each CO2 molecule contains one carbon and
two oxygen atoms.
These two formulas are molecular formulas.
They tell exactly how many of each type of atom
make up a molecule.
Hydrogen peroxide's molecular formula is H2O2.
Each hydrogen peroxide molecule is made up of
two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
There is another way to express the formula for
hydrogen peroxide, though.
The empirical formula tells us the relative
number of atoms of each type in that molecule.
Hydrogen peroxide, then, with a ratio of hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms of 1:1, has an empirical
formula of HO.
Obviously, an empirical formula does not contain
as much information as a molecular formula.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Molecular substances have both molecular
formulas and empirical formulas.
In many cases, as with water and carbon dioxide,
they are the same.
Ionic compounds do not exist as molecules and, as
a result, do not have molecular formulas. Rather,
ionic substances such as sodium chloride and
magnesium chloride have only empirical formulas,
NaCl and MgCl2, respectively.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Just as you were able to use a formula to
calculate percent composition of a
compound, you can use percent composition
to determine an empirical formula.
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that is 81.32 percent carbon,
5.12 percent hydrogen, and 13.56 percent
oxygen by mass.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Just as you were able to use a formula to
calculate percent composition of a
compound, you can use percent composition
to determine an empirical formula.
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that is 81.32 percent carbon,
5.12 percent hydrogen, and 13.56 percent
oxygen by mass.

Empirical Formula from

Analysis
Assume total mass = 100 g

C = 81.32 g
H = 5.12 g
O = 13.56 g
C:H:O = 81.32/12 : 5.12/1 : 13.56/16
C:H:O = 6.7767 : 5.12 : 0.8475 = 8:6:1

Empirical formula of a compound: C8H6O

Empirical Formula from Analysis

General procedure for determining empirical formulas:
Given:

Find:

Mass %
elements

Empirical
formula

Assume 100 g
sample

Calculate
mol ratio

Grams of each
element

Use atomic
weights

Moles of each
element

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
In addition to being both a qualitative and quantitative
statement of fact, a balanced chemical equation is an
algebraic equality in which the arrow is the equal sign.
This means that we can manipulate a balanced chemical
equation in much the same way as we can manipulate any
other algebraic equality.
For instance, we can multiply one of the reactants by a
numberas long as we multiply everything else in the
equation by that same number.

2 H 2 ( g ) O2 ( g ) 2 H 2O(l )

Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations
The quantitative statement of fact is, "Two molecules of
hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to produce
two molecules of water." Or, "Two moles of hydrogen react
with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of water."
Suppose we wanted to know how many moles of water
would be produced by the reaction of four moles of
hydrogen? We can simply multiply the amount of hydrogen
by 2as long as we multiply everything else by 2 as well.

4 H 2 ( g ) 2O2 ( g ) 4 H 2O(l )

Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations

The result tells us that four moles of hydrogen

would react with two moles of oxygen and
would produce four moles of water.
Balanced equations can be used to make
predictions about amounts of reactants
consumed and/or products produced by a
chemical reaction.
4 H 2 ( g ) 2O2 ( g ) 4 H 2O(l )

Quantitative Information
from Balanced Equations

Consider the combustion of

propane. How many grams of carbon
dioxide will be produced by the
combustion of 25.0 grams of
propane?

Sample Exercise
How many grams of water are produced in
the combustion of 1.00 g of glucose
Solution:
1. Convert grams of C6H12O6 mol of
C6H12O6

2. Convert moles of C6H12O6 moles of H2O

3. Convert moles of H2O grams of H2O

Sample Exercise
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6

moles C 6 H12 O 6 1.00 g C 6 H12 O 6

180.0 g C 6 H12 O 6
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6

moles H 2 O 1.00 g C 6 H12 O 6

180.0 g C 6 H12 O 6
1 mol C 6 H12 O 6

grams H 2 O 1.00 g C 6 H12 O 6

180.0 g C 6 H12 O 6
0.600 g H 2 O

6 mol H 2 O

1 mol C 6 H12 O 6

6 mol H 2 O

1 mol C 6 H12 O 6

18.0 g H 2O

1 mol H 2 O

Outlines

Chemical Equations
Patterns of Chemical Reactivity
Atomic and Molecular Weights
The Mole
Empirical Formula from Analysis
Quantitative Information from Balanced
Equations
Limiting Reactants

Limiting Reactants
When chemists carry out reactions,
they seldom do so by using
stoichiometric amounts of reactants.
In general, one reactant will be
consumed completely and will limit
the amount of product that can be
formed.

Limiting Reactants

Limitting reactants

Limiting Reactants
The amount of product that can be produced if
the limiting reactant is consumed completely is
the theoretical yield.
In practice, the theoretical yield is seldom
achieved.
Under real world conditions a variety of
factors, including experimental error and
efficiency of the reaction, make it impossible
to produce the theoretical amount.

Limiting Reactants
The smaller amount that is actually
produced is called the actual yield.
The percent yield is calculated
using the actual (measured) and
theoretical (calculated) yields and
is a measure of the efficiency of
the overall process.

Limiting Reactants

Limiting Reactants

Limiting Reagents

Thank You