Conduction

History of Heat Conduction

Jean Baptiste Biot
(1774-1862)
French Physicist
Worked on analysis of
heat conduction
Unsuccessful at
dealing with the
problem of
incorporating external
convection effects in
heat conduction
analysis

History of Heat Conduction

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
(1768 1830)
Read Biots work
1807 determined how to solve
the problem
Fouriers Law
Time rate of heat flow (Q)
through a slab is proportional to
the gradient of
temperature difference

History of Heat Conduction

Ernst Schmidt
German scientist
Pioneer in Engineering
Thermodynamics
Published paper Graphical
Difference Method for Unsteady
Heat Conduction
First to measure velocity and
temperature field in free
convection boundary layer and
large heat transfer coefficients
Schmidt Number
Analogy between heat and mass
transfer that causes a dimensionless
quantity

Fouriers Law

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the temperature difference.
The larger the temperature difference, the larger the rate of heat transfer.

heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient

T T
Q
q kT k

A
x y

where k = thermal conductivity

in general, k = k(x,y,z,T,)
heat conduction in a slab

units for q
are W/m2

temperature profile

dT
dx

1
hot wall

cold wall

x
G5

Fluent Inc. 02/21/15

Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal
conductivity: The
rate of heat transfer
through a unit
thickness of the
material per unit area
per unit temperature
difference.
The thermal
conductivity of a
material is a measure
of the ability of the
material to conduct
A simple experimental
heat.
setup to determine the
A high value for
thermal conductivity of a
thermal conductivity material.
indicates that the
material is a good
heat conductor, and a
low value indicates
that the material is a

One Dimensional
Heat Conduction Equation

qgen
qx+dx

qx

Energy
conducted
in left face

qx

dx

Energy
Heat
+
- conducted
generated
out right
within the

face
element
+
q Adx
x dx

=
=

Change in
internal
energy

T
c p A
dx

Cont
qx
T
kA
x
T
kA
x

q x dx

q Adx

T
kA
x

x dx

T T
+ A k
k
dx
x x x

T
x

q Adx

q Adx

T
c p A
dx

T
c p A
dx

T
c p A
dx

T
T

k
q c p

The driving force for any form of heat transfer is the temperature
difference.

The larger the temperature difference, the larger the rate of heat
transfer.

Three prime coordinate systems:

rectangular T(x, y, z, t)
cylindrical T(r, , z, t)
spherical T(r, , , t).

Steady State Conduction

Thermal resistances in series

Heat flow through a cylinder

Fins

Heat transfer from rod or fin of uniform cross sectional area.

Fins may have varying cross-sectional area and
May be attached to circular surfaces
To indicate the effectiveness of the fin in transferring a given
quantity of heat, a new parameter called fin efficiency is defined
by

actual heat transfered

Fin efficiency ( f )
heat which would be
tranferred if entire fin
area were at base temp.

Numerical

Fin efficiency

Cont

Cont.