Analysis of Turbo Combustor

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

A Device to Anchor the Flame.

The Cause of Major component of Running Cost..

Reciprocating Engine Vs Jet Engine

Fire is An Accident
How to make it More reliable Resource.

Laws of Combustion
A Special Device is required to hold the flame, called
Burner.
The maximum quantity of fuel that can be handled by a
single burner is limited.
The maximum allowable air to establish efficient
combustion of a given amount of fuel is limited.
The maximum temperature due to efficient combustion
is always higher than the maximum safe temperature:
limited by turbine blades.
Infra structure should be provided to facilitate these
conditions.

Requirements of A Reliable Combustion

MATt Theory
Mixing: Fuel preparation systems.
Air: Draught systems.
T : Preheating of fuel.
t : Dimensions of combustion chamber.
: Turbulence generation systems.

Combustion Section
The combustion section contains the combustion
chambers, igniter plugs, and fuel nozzle or fuel injectors.
Designed to burn a fuel-air mixture and to deliver
combusted gases to the turbine at a temperature not
exceeding the allowable limit at the turbine inlet.
Theoretically, the compressor delivers 100 percent of its
air by volume to the combustion chamber.
The fuel-air mixture suitable for efficient combustion has
a ratio of l5 parts air to 1 part fuel by weight.

Combustion Section
Contd.
Approximately 25 30 percent of total compressor
air is used to attain the desired fuel-air ratio.
The remaining 70 -- 75 percent is used to form an
air blanket around the burning gases and to dilute
the temperature.
The diluted temperature may reach as high as
1500 C, by approximately one-half of the flame
temperature.
This ensures that the turbine section will not be
destroyed by excessive heat.

Air Distribution in A Combustor

Compressor end

Turbine end

Functions
The air used for burning is known as primary air;
Remaining for cording is secondary air.
Secondary air is controlled and directed by holes and
louvers in the combustion chamber liner.
Igniter plugs function during starting only; they are shut
off manually or automatically.
Combustion is continuous and self-supporting.
After engine shutdown or failure to start, a pressure actuated valve automatically drains any remaining
unburned fuel from the combustion chamber.
The primary function of the combustion section is, of
course, to bum the fuel-air mixture, thereby adding heat
energy to the air.

 To do this efficiently, the combustion chamber must

Provide the means for mixing the fuel and air to ensure good
combustion.
Bum this mixture efficiently.
Cool the hot combustion products to a temperature which
the turbine blades can withstand under operating conditions.
Deliver the hot gases to the turbine section.
The location of the combustion section is directly between
the compressor and turbine sections.
.

 The combustion chambers are always arranged

coaxially with the compressor and turbine,
regardless of type, since the chambers must be
in a through-flow position to function efficiently.
All combustion chambers contain the same basic
elements:
A casing
A perforated inner liner.
A fuel injection system.
Some means for initial ignition.
A fuel drainage system to drain off unburned fuel
after engine shutdown.

Basic Anatomy of A Combustor

Casing
Swirler

Liner

Liner holes

Classification of Combustors

Basis for this classification:

A burner handles finite amount of fuel.
Arrangement of multiple burners.
There are currently three basic types of Burner
Arrangements
The multiple-chamber or can type.
The annular or basket type.
The can-annular type.