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CHAPTER 1
1.1 UNDERSTANDING THAT SCIENCE IS PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science is the systematic study of nature
and how it affects us and our environment.
Science can explain natural phenomena
that happen in our environment.
How?
Through careful observations, studies and
scientific investigations.
CAREERS IN
SCIENCE
Environmentalist
Archeologist
Forensic technician
Science teacher
Doctor
A SCIENCE LABORATORY
Wearing goggles
Carrying bottles
by the body; not
the neck
COMMON LABORATORY
APPARATUS
Bunsen burner
Test tube
Crucible
Syringe
Test tube holder
Steps in scientific
investigation
1. Identifying problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Planning the experiment
4. Controlling the variables
5. Collecting data
6. Analysing and interpreting data
7. Drawing a conclusion
8. Writing a report
WRITING A REPORT
1.
Aim
2.
Problem statement
3.
Hypothesis
4.
Variables
5.
Materials and apparatus
6.
Procedure
7.
Results
8.
Analysis
9.
Conclusion
1. AIM
To investigate how the length of the pendulum
string affect the time for 10 complete swings
of the pendulum.
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
How the length of the pendulum string affect
the time for 10 complete swings of the
pendulum?
3. HYPOTHESIS
If the length of the pendulum is longer, the
time taken for 10 complete swing of the
pendulum is longer.
4. VARIABLES
Manipulated (what to change)
: the length of the pendulum
Responding (what is observed)
: time taken for 10 complete swings
Constant (kept the same)
: mass of the pendulum bob
5. MATERIALS AND
APPARATUS
Pendulum bob, string/thread, retort stand and
clamp, stop watch
Apparatus set-up:
6. PROCEDURE (active
sentence)
1. Prepare the simple pendulum with a 10cm long
thread.
2. Pull the pendulum bob to one side, then release.
3. Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations
in a table.
4. Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of
different lengths, e.g. 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and 50cm.
5. Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length
of pendulum for 10 complete oscillations.
Length of simple
pendulum ( cm )
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
10
13
15
18
20
Length of
simple
pendulum
( cm )
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
10
13
15
18
20
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
8. ANALYSIS
Graph of time taken for 10 complete oscillations
versus length of simple pendulum.
8. ANALYSIS
From the graph, we can say that:
1. The pendulum with a longer string takes
longer
time to oscillate than the pendulum
with a shorter string.
2. The time taken for the pendulum to make one
increase
complete oscillation will
when
the
pendulum string is longer.
9. CONCLUSION
From the results, the hypothesis is
accepted
.
The time taken for the simple pendulum to
make one complete oscillation
increases
with the length of the pendulum.
1.3 PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
AND THEIR
UNITS
MEASUREMENT
Measurement is important because:
It helps to describe things everyday;
It is a part of the scientific investigation
process
(e.g: simple pendulum experiment)
MEASUREMENT
Can be measured
Cannot be measured
How far is your house to How beautiful a person
the school?
is?
How long does you take
to finish your
homework?
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
A physical quantity is something that can be
measured.
There are five basic quantities: length, time,
mass, temperature and electric current.
Measurement of physical quantities consist of
two parts:
A number indicating value or how much;
A unit of measurement.
IMPORTANCE OF STANDARD
UNITS
Allow us to analyse data and compare
information easily and more accurately;
No confusion because there is specific
symbols for each unit;
Allow us to solve problems related to
measurement.
SI units
Symbols
Definition
Kilogra
m
kg
Second
Kelvin
Metre
Ampere
PREFIXES
Prefixes are added to units like meter and
gram when we need to state values that are too
small or too large.
Prefix
Multiplier
Symbol
Numerical
value
Micro
Milli
X 10-6
X 10-3
0.000001
0.001
Centi
Kilo
X 10-2
X 103
c
k
0.01
1000
Mega
X 106
1000000
1.4 CONCEPT OF
MASS AND
WEIGHT
WHAT IS WEIGHT?
The weight of an object is the pull of the
Earth (force of gravity) on the object.
The S.I unit of weight is Newton (N).
The weight of any object depends on the
gravitational force.
The weight of an object is obtained using a
spring balance or compression spring
balance.
WHAT IS MASS?
The mass of an object is the quantity of
matter in the object.
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The mass of an object can be obtained using a
triple beam balance or lever balance.
WEIGHT
CAN U DIFFERENTIATE
BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT?
MASS
WEIGHT
It is the amount of
matter in an object.
It is the gravitational
pull on an object.
Its value varies from
place to place.
1.5 MEASURING
TOOLS
MEASURING LENGTH
Tools: ruler, metre rule, measuring tape
Measuring the length of a straight line:
Using metre rule or a ruler
Correct position of eye (to avoid parallax error)
Using an opisometer
MEASURING AREA
Area is the total surface covered by an
object.
The SI unit is square metre (m2).
Regular-shaped areas can be calculated using
Mathematical formulae.
Irregular-shaped areas can be estimated by
using a graph paper.
MEASURING VOLUME
Volume of an object is the total space
occupied by the object.
The SI unit is cubic metre (m3).
It also can be measured in millilitre (ml).
The apparatus: measuring cylinder, burette and
pipette.
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 l = 1000 cm3= 1000 ml
1 m3= 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 000 000 ml