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OF
VARIANCE
ANOVA
INTRODUCTION
ANOVA is used for examining the
differences in the mean value of
dependent variables associated with the
effect of the controlled independent
variables , after taking into account the
influence of uncontrolled independent
variables
Essentially ANOVA is used as a test of
means for two or more populations
The null hypothesis typically is that all
means are equal
INTRODUCTION
E.g.,- Suppose the researcher
was interested in examining
whether heavy, medium, light
and non users of cereals differed
in their preference for Total
cereal measured on a 9 point
scale. The null hypothesis that
the four groups were not
different in preference for Total
could be tested using ANOVA
INTRODUCTION
In its simplest form ANOVA must have a
dependent variable ( preference for Total
cereal) that is metric ( measured using an
interval or ratio scale)
There must be also be one or more
independent variable (product use: heavy,
medium, light and non users). The
independent variables must be all categorical
(non metric). Categorical independent
variables are called factors.
A particular combination of factor levels or
categories is called a treatment.
INTRODUCTION
One way ANOVA involves only one categorical
variable or a single factor .The difference in
preference of heavy, medium , light and non
users would be examined by one way ANOVA
In one way analysis the treatment is same as a
factor level ( medium users constitute a
treatment).
If two or more factors are involved the analysis
is termed n way analysis of variance. E.g., if in
addition to product use the researcher also
wanted to examine the preference for Total
cereal of customers who are loyal and those
who are not ,an n way ANOVA would be
conducted
INTRODUCTION
If set of independent variables consists
of both categorical and metric variables
the technique is called ANALYSIS OF
COVARIANCE (ANCOVA).
E.g., ANCOVA would be required if the
researcher wanted the preference of
product use groups and loyalty groups
taking into account the respondents
attitudes towards nutrition and the
importance they attached to breakfast
as a meal. The latter two would be
measured on a 9 point Likert scale
INTRODUCTION
In this case the categorical
independent variables ( product
use and brand loyalty) are still
referred to as factors whereas
the metric independent variables
( attitude towards nutrition and
importance attached to
breakfast) are referred to as
covariates
Assumptions in ANOVA
1. Ordinarily the categories of
independent variable are assumed to be
fixed. This is referred to fixed effect
model. In random effect model the
categories or treatment are considered
to be random sample from universe of
treatments
2. The error term is normally distributed
with zero mean and constant variation
3.The error terms are uncorrelated.
Sample Sample
No1
No 2
x11
x12
..
xk1
x1
x12
x22
..
xk2
x2
Sample
No r
..
..
x1r
x2r
..
xkr
xr
square freedom
s
squares(MS statistic
)
Between
samples
SSx
df1
MSx =
SSx/df1
Within
sample
SSerror
df2
MSerror =
SSerror/df2
F=
MSx/MSerror
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