GMAT

QUANTS

NUMBER
PROPERTIES

Divisibility and Prime:

Integers are whole numbers. They can be either
negative or positive or 0.

Eg: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

Divisible By

#Rule

Even number

Sum of integers digit is divisible by 3

Last two digits is divisible by 4

Last number is 0 or 5

Satisfy both Rules 2 and 3

Last three digits is divisible by 8

Sum of the integers digits is divisible by 9

Divisibility and Prime:

Factor is a positive integer that divides evenly into a

integer.

Eg: 1, 2, 4, 8 are all factors of 8

There are limited factors and unlimited multiples for an

integer.
Factor Foundation Rule: If a is factor or b and b is
factor of c then a is also factor of c.

Prime number is any positive integer with only two

factors, 1 and itself.

1 is not considered as prime number but its the factor

for all the integers.

Divisibility and Prime:

There is infinite numbers of prime numbers.

There is no simple pattern in the prime numbers.

Positive Integers with only two factors are considered

as prime(1 and the number itself).
If you add/ subtract N to the non-multiple of N, then
the result is non-multiple of N.

Eg. 18 10 = 8 (multiple of 3 non-multiple of 3)

If we add two non-multiples of N, then the result can

be either a multiple of N or non-multiple of N.

Eg: 19 +13 = 32 (non-multiple)

Eg: 19 + 14 = 33 (multiple)

Divisibility and Prime:

Factor is a positive integer that divides evenly into a

integer.

Eg: 1, 2, 4, 8 are all factors of 8

There are limited factors and unlimited multiples for an

integer.
Factor Foundation Rule: If a is factor or b and b is
factor of c then a is also factor of c.

Prime number is any positive integer with only two

factors, 1 and itself.

1 is not considered as prime number but its the factor

for all the integers.

Even and Odd numbers:

Even number is divisible by 2 and odd doesnt.

Both negative and positive numbers comes under even
and odd numbers.
Odd
Odd = even
OddEven
* Even = even
Arithmetic
Rules of Odds and
Odd Even = odd

Odd * odd = odd

Even Even = even

Even * Even = even (divisible

by 4)

Positive and Negative:

For a variable x , is not necessarily positive and x is

not necessarily negative. It can hold any value.

An absolute number is the one with no sign.

It is the one with modulus of the number. It express the

value as unit. |-5| = |+5| = 5 unit.

(GCF of m and n)*(LCM of m and n) = m*n.

The GCF of m and n cannot be larger than the
difference between m and n.

Consecutive multiples of n have a GCF of n.

All perfect square have an odd number of total factors.

Consecutive Integers:

Numbers that follow one after the other from the given
point without skipping any integers.
Types of Consecutive patters

Consecutive Even Integers (2, 4, 6, 8)

Consecutive Odd Integers (1, 3, 5, 7)

Consecutive Multiples (4, 8, 12, 16)

Evenly Spaced Integers ( 25, 50, 75)

Consecutive Integers:

Evenly Spaced Integers:

The average(arithmetic mean) and median are equal to each

other. The average of the elements in the set can be found by
finding the median or the middle number in the set.

The mean and median are equal to the average of the

FIRST and LAST element in the set.

The sum of the elements in the set is equal to the

arithmetic mean or median and the number of elements
in the set.

Counting Integers:

For consecutive integers, count = (last first) + 1

For evenly spaced, count = (last first) increment + 1

Consecutive Integers:

Sum of integers:

Find the number of elements.

Find the average (arithmetic mean or average).

Sum = no. of elements * average.

Eg: sum of integers from 20 to 100.

No. of elements = 100 20 + 1 = 81.

Average = (20 + 100 ) / 2 = 60.

Sum = 60 * 81 = 4860.

**Find the average. Dont go the middle numbers in the set.

If the set contains the even numbers then the average will
be in decimal, if the set contains the odd numbers then
the average will be an integer.

Consecutive Integers:

Products and divisibility of integers:

The product of any three consecutive integers is always divisible

by 3 and 2, so its always divisible by 6.

For four consecutive integers the rule applies as, the product is
always divisible by 4! = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 24.

Result: The product of k consecutive integers is always divisible

by k factorial (k!) .

Sums and divisibility of integers:

For any set of consecutive integers with ODD number of items,

the sum of the integers is always a multiple of number of items.

Eg. 4+5+6+7+8+9 = 30 (divisible by 5(items))

For any set of consecutive integers with EVEN number of items,

the sum of integers is NEVER a multiple of number of items.

Exponents:

The expression 43 contains a base(4) and exponent(3).

It is read as four to the third power.

Exponent 2 is called as square and 3 is called as cube.

The base can be either positive or negative.

Eg. X2 = 16, means X can be either -4 or +4.

Base of 0, 1 and -1:

An exponential expression with base 0 is always 0.

An exponential expression with base 1 is always 1.

An exponential expression with base -1 is 1 if the exponent

is even and it is 1 when the exponent is odd.

00 is indeterminate.

Exponents:

Fractional Base:

If the base is a proper positive fraction, then the value of the

expression decreases as the exponent increase.

Eg: >

Compound Base:

When the base of the expression is a product, we can multiply

the base together and raise to the exponent.

Eg: (5*2)2 = (10)2

Adding Exponent:

am * an = a(m+n)

Subtracting Exponent:

am an = a(m-n)

Exponents:
Nested Exponent:

(ab)c = a(b+c)

Rules of Exponent:
xa.xb = x(a+b)
ax.bx = (a.b)x

Roots:
Unlike even exponents that yields two values (positive and
negative) roots yields only one value.

Eg. 4 = 2 rather x2= 4, x holds -2 and +2

For odd roots we follow the sign as base.

For even roots we only have positive roots.
Square root is defined as x = (x)1/2 .
If two numbers comes inside the radical sign, split the
numbers into two and solve them. Sometimes opposite is
true.
We can combine only the product and quotient of two
roots. We cannot separate or combine the sum or
difference of two roots.
Imperfect Square: If the square root of a number is not a
integer then the number is called imperfect square.

Eg: 52 is not an integer. 52 = 2*2*13 = 213

Roots:
Number

Square Root

1.414

1.732

2.236

2.449 (2.5
approx)

2.645

2.828

10

3.162

PEMDAS:

The order of operation follows as

1. Parentheses

2. Exponents

3. Multiplication/ Division

4. Addition/ Subraction

FRACTION, DECIMALS
AND PERCENTS

Decimal:

The number with decimal places. Integers can be

considered as decimals by adding 0 to the decimal
places.

Eg: 0.35, 6.53

Digits:

Every numbers is composed of digits. It refers the

building body of the number and not the number itself.

Eg: 367, in this 3,6 and 7 are digits.

Place Value:

Every digit in a number have a particular place value.

Like ones, tens , hundreds, etc..

Rounding to the nearest place value:

If the right value is greater than 5 then that unit

number can be rounded to the nearest value.

Eg: 6.381 as 6.4

Digits:

Every numbers is composed of digits. It refers the

building body of the number and not the number itself.

Eg: 367, in this 3,6 and 7 are digits.

Place Value:

Every digit in a number have a particular place value.

Like ones, tens , hundreds, etc..

Fractions:

Other way of expressing decimals.

Proper Fraction: value lies between 0 and 1.

Improper Fraction: Value greater than 1. It can be rewritten as

mixed numbers.

For positive numbers if the numerator increases then the

value increases and if the denominator increases then the
value decreases.

Eg: >

Adding the same number to both the numerator and

denominator will bring the value close to 1 irrespective of the
fraction.

Addition and division of two fractions increases their value

whereas subtraction and multiplying decreases their value.

Fractions:

Other way of expressing decimals.

Proper Fraction: value lies between 0 and 1.

Improper Fraction: Value greater than 1. It can be
rewritten as mixed numbers.

For positive numbers if the numerator increases then

the value increases and if the denominator increases
then the value decreases.

Eg: >
Adding the same number to both the numerator and
denominator will bring the value close to 1 irrespective of
the fraction.
Addition and division of two fractions increases their
value whereas subtraction and multiplying of two
fractions decreases their value.

Fractions:
To
compare the fractions follow the
multiplication method.
Remember the benchmark values for fraction.

cross

THE GEOMETRY

Polygon:
Closed shape formed by line segments.
They are two dimensional and lie in a plane.
Trapezoid: one pair of opposite sides is parallel.
Parallelogram: Opposite sides are parallel.
Rectangle: All angles are 90, opposite sides are
equal.
Rhombus: Opposite angles are equal, all sides are
equal.
Square: All sides are equal. (rectangle + rhombus)
A polygon of sides n can be divided into n-2 triangles.
Sum of interior angles of an polygon of side n is

Sum = (n-2) * 180