Data at the Core

of the Enterprise

Objectives
Define of database systems
Introduce data modeling and SQL
Discuss emerging requirements of
database systems

DATA

?
INFORMATION

Attributes of data

Sharable
Moveable
Secure
Accurate
Timely
Relevant

Data hierarchy

Bits
Characters
Fields (columns)
Records (rows)
Files (table)
Database

Why build a database?

Handle large amounts of data

Satisfy multiple users
Make information retrieval faster
Make data input faster
Provide greater accuracy

Database versus Database

Management System (DBMS)
Database is a self-describing collection
of integrated files
A DBMS is a complex computer
program that acts as a data librarian,
supervising the transfer of data
between the end user and the database

Advantages of DBMS
More info from the same data
Reduction of data duplication
Improved data integrity
Programs are independent of the data
format
Sharing of data resources

and disadvantages
Added expense
More hardware may be needed
If it crashes.
Sophisticated design and programming
required
Additional training
Security is critical

Relational model
Relation? Attribute? Tuple?
Keys
Primary and foreign

Referential integrity
Relational algebra

Relational DB rules
Every row must have exactly the same
number of columns (fields or attributes)
Each row can have only one value stored in
each column (fields or attributes)
A column must contain the same kind of
value in every row of that column
No two rows can be exactly the same
The order of the rows or of the columns cant
be used to provide information

Terminology
Data
Processing

Informal
Formal
Relational DB Relational DB

File

Table

Relation

Record

Row

Tuple

Field

Column

Attribute

Data modeling
Purpose: control and visualization
Process: gathering requirements
Results: forms and diagrams

Normalization
Purpose:
Avoid anomalies
Reduce redundancy

Process:

Successive application of rules

Bottom-up (data drives process)
Move from first through fifth normal form
Does it make more or less tables?

Entity relationship modeling

List the entities or objects in the
environment
People, things, transactions

Describe the relationship between them

A single row in table A can be related to
how many rows in table B (one or many)
A single row in table B can be related to
how many rows in table A (one or many)

ERD questions
What are the subjects/objects of the
business?
data entities

What unique characteristic(s) distinguishes

each object from others of same type?
primary key

What characteristics describe each object?

attributes

How do you use this data?

controls & meaning

ERD questions
Over what period of time are you interested in
this data?
cardinality & time dimensions
Are all instances of each object the same?
supertypes, subtypes, aggregations

What events occur that imply associations

between objects?
relationships (cardinality & degree)
Is each activity or event always handled the
same way or are there special
circumstances?
integrity rules, cardinality, time

SQL
Definition (DDL)
CREATE, ALTER, DROP

Manipulation (DML)
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Whats the most used sql command?

General format of SELECT

SELECT [DISTINCT] item(s)
FROM table(s)
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columns]
[HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY row(s)]

Emerging data requirements

Complex

Video Streams

Graphics
Video
Audio
HTML/
SGML
Spatial Data
Time Series

Unstructured
Audio Streams

Images

Text

Structured

Current RDBMS

Simple

Summary
Defined of database systems
Introduced data modeling and SQL
Discussed emerging requirements of
database systems