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Properties of
Solutions
Learning Outcomes
Able to distinguish the factors
affecting solubility.
Able to express different types of
solution concentrations and
conduct calculations involved.
Able to understand colligative
properties effect and conduct
calculations involved.
2
SCOPE
1.1 Introduction to Solutions and Solubility
1.2 Factors Affecting Solubility:
Solute-solvent interactions
Temperature
Pressure
SCOPE
1.3 Quantitative Ways of Expressing
Concentration
Molarity, Molality
Parts by mass and by volume, Mole Fraction
1.4 Colligative Properties of Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Boiling Point Elevation
Freezing Point Depression
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more pure
substance
Solvent
May be gaseous, liquid or solid
Liquid of a liquid solution
Solute
Dissolved substance in liquid solution
5
Solution
A
homogeneous
mixture of two
or more
substance
Solubility, S
Maximum amount of solute that dissolves
completely in a given amount of solvent at a
particular temperature, T
For NaCl, S = 39.12 g/100 mL H2O @ 100oC
For AgCl, S = 0.0021 g/100 mL H2O @ 100oC
Dissolution
Process of dissolving a solute in a solvent to give
a homogeneous solution
7
Water
molecules
Undissolved NaCl
Dissolution process
8
Types of solution
Saturated solution
contains the maximum amount of dissolved
solute at a given temperature in the presence of
undissolved solute.
Solute (undissolved) solute (dissolved)
Unsaturated solution
contains less than the maximum amount of
dissolved solute, it has the capacity to dissolve
more solute
Supersaturated solution:
Hydrogen bond
Dipole-dipole
London dispersion force
Strength
increases
1.2
Factors
Affecting
Example
Solubility
MW
(g/mol)
N2
28
Solubility in H2O
at 20oC (M)
0.69 X 10-3
O2
Ar
32
40
1.38 X 10-3
1.50 X 10-3
Kr
83.8
2.79 X 10-3
Temperature
1.2
Factors Affecting
Effect
of Pressure
Solubility
Dynamic equilibrium:
Gas-Liquid Solutions
Henrys Gas-Liquid
law
Solutions
Example:
Calculate the concentration of CO2 in a soft drink:
Bottle with pressure of CO2 of 4.0 atm over the liquid at
25oC. The Henrys law constant : 3.1 X 10-2 mol/L.atm.
Sgas
= kHPgas
Gas-Liquid
Solutions
1.3 Liquid
solutions
P1 P2
S1 and P1 refer to initial conditions
S2 and P2 refer to final conditions
23
Liquid-liquid
1.3 Liquid
solutionsSolutions
Liquid-liquid Solutions
H
H
O H
C
C
C
C
H
H
Ethanol
Benzene
hydrogen bond H
H
C2 H5
H
H
H
C2H5
RECALL
CHEMISTRY I
26
Liquid-solid
Solutions
1.3
Liquid solutions
Liquidsolid solutions
Basic principles remain
the same
Solvation is when a solute
molecule is surrounded by
solvent molecules
Hydration occurs when
solutes become
surrounded by water
molecules
27
Liquid-solid
Solutions
1.3
Liquid solutions
Liquidsolid solutions
Like-dissolves-like
When intermolecular attractive forces within
solute and solvent are sufficiently different,
the two do not
form a solution
Temperature can have
a
significant effect on the
solubility of a solid solute
in a liquid
28
1.4 Quantification of
Liquid-solid
Solutions
solubility:
the solubility
product
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl]
aMc+(aq) + bXd(aq)
Ksp = [Mc+]a[Xd]b
29
Liquid-solid Solutions
sp
and solubility
30
Liquid-solid Solutions
Example:
The solubility of AgBr in water is 1.3 104 g L1 at
25 C. Calculate Ksp for AgBr at this temperature.
Solution:
AgBr(s)
Ag+(aq) + Br(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Br]
4
m
1.3 10 g
7
n
6
.
9
10
mol
1
M 187.77gmol
31
Liquid-solid Solutions
Solution (cont):
[Ag+] = [Br] = 6.9 107 mol L1
Ksp = [Ag+][Br] = (6.9 107 mol L1)(6.9 107 mol L1)
Ksp = 4.8 1013 at 25 C
32
1.4 Quantification of
Liquid-solid
Solutions
solubility:
the solubility
product
Example:
33
Liquid-solid Solutions
Common ion effect
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl]2
Add Pb(NO3)2(aq) to saturated solution of PbCl2
instantaneously increases [Pb2+] and therefore Qsp (ionic
product).
Qsp > Ksp
PbCl2 is precipitated
34
1.4 Quantification of
Liquid-solid
Solutions
solubility:
the solubility
product
Example:
What is the molar solubility of PbI2 in a 0.10 M NaI solution?
Pbl2(s)
Pb2+(aq) + 2l(aq)
Ksp = [Pb2+][I]2 = 7.9 109
PbI2(s)
Pb2+(aq) +
2I(aq)
0.10
+s
+2s
0.10 + 2s
35
1.4 Quantification of
Liquid-solid
Solutions
solubility:
the solubility
product
Prediction of precipitation
Qsp > Ksp precipitate will form
Qsp < Ksp no precipitate will form
AgCl(s)
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl] = 1.8 1010
[Ag+] = 5.0 107 mol L1
[Cl] = 5.0 105 mol L1
Qsp = 2.5 1011
Qsp < Ksp no precipitate will form
36
mass of component
ppm
106
total mass solution
2
0.0079 g Sr
6
10
1000 g H 2 O 0.0079 g Sr 2
7.9 ppm Sr
Molarity, M
Amount of substance in a particular volume of
solution
Molarity
Molarity (M)
(M) =
= moles
moles of
of
solute
solute
liters
liters solution
solution
Solutions (usually) increase in volume with
increasing temperature
The molarity of a solution changes as the
temperature changes
Molality, m
Preferred method of expressing solution composition
when colligative properties involved
Defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram
of solvent:
Molality
Molality (m)
(m) =
= moles
moles of
of solute
solute
kilograms
kilograms of
of solvent
solvent
Temperature independent
Note:
i. Molarity is defined in terms of the volume of solution
ii. Molality is in terms of the mass of solvent
Colligative properties :
Depend only on the number of dissolved particles
in solution and not on their identity.
1.6
properties
of of
1.4Colligative
Colligative
Properties
solutions Solutions
i. Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point of a solution containing a
nonvolatile solute is higher than that of the
pure solvent
Boiling point of a solvent is the temperature
at which the vapor pressure of the solvent is
equal to the atmospheric pressure
48
1.6
Colligative
properties
of
1.4 Colligative Properties of
solutions Solutions
Colligative
properties
1.41.6
Colligative
Properties
of
of solutions
Solutions
Raoults law
A solution that obeys Raoults law is called an ideal
solution
These solutions are
generally dilute and have
only small interactions
between their constituent
molecules
51
Colligative
properties
1.41.6
Colligative
Properties
of
of solutions
Solutions
For component B
PB = XBP*B
Total pressure
Ptotal = XAP*A + XBP*B
52
Colligative
properties
1.41.6
Colligative
Properties
of
of solutions
Solutions
ii. Boiling point elevation and
Freezing point depression
boiling point elevation, Tb = Kbb
freezing point depression, Tf = Kfb
Kb , Kf - molal boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression constant, respectively (K mol 1 kg)
Kb , Kf are properties of the solvent only and
independent of the identity of the solute
53
1
b - molality of the solution (mol kg )
54
1.6 Colligative
Colligative Properties
properties of
1.4
of solutions
Solutions
Osmosis and osmotic pressure
58
1.6
properties
of of
1.4Colligative
Colligative
Properties
solutions Solutions
Osmotic pressure,
In dilute aqueous solution:
n
= cRT, c
V
V = nRT
This is the vant Hoff equation for osmotic
pressure
59
60
1.6
properties
of of
1.4Colligative
Colligative
Properties
solutions Solutions
Measurement of solute dissociation
E.g.
Molal freezing point depression constant for water
is 1.86 K mol1
1.00 mol kg1 NaCl freezes at about 3.72C
Based on NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Solution has a total molality of dissolved solute
particles of 2 mol kg1
Thus, theoretically, a 1.00 mol kg1 NaCl solution
should freeze at 3.72 C NOT at 1.86 C !!!!!!
Boiling-Point Elevation, T = iK m
Freezing-Point Depression, T = iK m
Osmotic Pressure, = iMRT
b
E.g.
Solute
nonelectrolytes
NaCl
CaCl2
3
64
The End
65