Development of Sources of Water

for Rural/Urban Residences

Determine the amount and quality of water, develop
source and provide sanitary measures against contamination
and pollution.
By

Leonardo C. Sawal, MSSE

The principles address the following:

Design and operation of data retrieval and storage

systems
Forecasting
Developing alternative water use futures
Estimating water requirements for natural systems
Exploring the impacts of climate change
Developing more efficient systems for applying
water in all water-using sectors
Analyzing and designing water management
systems incorporating technical, economic,
environmental, social, legal, and political
elements.

Earths Water Situation

Only 2.98 % is Fresh Water and 97.2%
is in Oceans and Seas
Fresh Water Are:
2.15 % in Polar Caps
0.01% in the Atmosphere
0.005% Surface Water
0.62% Ground Water

The Hydrologic Cycle

The hydrologic cycle is a global sun-driven

process whereby water transported from the

oceans to the atmosphere to the land and
back to the sea.

The hydrologic cycle can be considered a

closed system for the earth because the total

amount of water in the cycle is fixed even
though its distribution in time and space varies

The Water Cycle

Philippine Water Resources

Water Supply
= 146.0 Bcu.m
Water Consumption = 40.9 Bcu.m

Consumption Ratio =

28.0%

Philippine Water
Resources

Average rainfall
2,400 mm per year

421 Rivers
79 Lakes

Surface water
125.8 Bcu.m.

Groundwater
20.2 Bcu.m

Water Resources
146.0 Bcu.m

Uses and Importance of Water:

Water is essential to

life. It is primarily
used for drinking and
the preparation of
foods and is a
necessary element in
the metabolic
processes of all living
things, both plants
and animals.

Uses and Importance of Water:

Water is essential in the maintenance and improvement
of health and sanitation of community. It is used in food
preparation, washing of dishes, laundering of clothes,
cleaning of household, bathing and/or personal hygiene,
watering of plants, and cleaning of yards and streets.

Water plays a critical role in the balanced relationship

between living things and the environment in which they
live. For examples, some animal life depends upon
vegetation for food and vegetation, in turn, needs water
for its growth processes. Furthermore, decaying organic
matter, like dead plants and animals, is converted into
soil by bacteria.

Uses and Importance of Water:

On the other hand, bacteria need water for their growth
processes. Then, new plants growing in this soil take up nutrients
dissolved in water through their roots. And then finally, plants are
eaten by animals and the cycle repeats itself.

Water provides man with some means of recreation , such as

swimming, boating, fishing and hunting.

Water is also used in protecting life and property against fire.

Water is employed in various industrial processes, power
generation and also for navigation and transportation of products.

Water Sources:

Rain or Atmospheric Water. The most common

form of precipitation is rain.

Surface Water. It is a mixture of surface runoff

and groundwater includes rivers, streams,

ponds, impounding reservoirs, seas and oceans.

Groundwater. It is the portion of rain water

which has percolate into the earth to form

underground deposits called aquifers (water-

Sources

SURFACE WATER

WELL

CATCH RAIN

TREATMENT..

FILTRATION

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Reservoir to Distribution

Water Treatment Process.

CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT

SOURCE

SEDIMENTATION

MIXIN
G

FLOCCULATION

FILTRATION
DISINFECTION

WATER QUALITY

DISTRIBUTION

Characteristics of Water
Water possesses
certain
characteristics which
directly or indirectly
affect its quality. The
corresponding
characteristics of
water can only be
identity by
performing certain

A. Physical Characteristics
These refer to turbidity, color,
taste, and odor of water. Turbidity
is caused by impurities while color
is imparted by the substances
present in solution. Taste and odor
are expressed only qualitatively:
that is, they are nor expressed in
specific units of measure.

B. Chemical Characteristics
These refer to the pH (acidity or
alkalinity), hardness (soap-consuming
power), and contents total solids,
chloride,
and
other
dissolved
substances. The total solids content of
water gives an idea of the total mineral
impurities present. Water drinking and
household use should not contain
chemical substances beyond acceptable
limits as indicated in the Philippines
National Standards for Water-Drinking.

C. Biological Characteristics
These refer to the presence of organism
which are responsible for the taste and
odor of the water. Bacteria, viruses, and
parasites, which are common agents of
diseases and other microscopic plant and
plant life, such as insects and crustacean
larvae and algae are responsible for the
taste and odor of water. The presence of
these impurities also serves as an index of
the pollution degree of the water source.

D. Radiological
Characteristics

Radioactive contaminants in drinking-water may come

from naturally-occurring radionuclides present in rocks

and soils from earth formations. Man-made
radionuclides arising power generated by nuclear
energy are also radio-active contaminants. Deepwells,
ground water, mineral springs have been known to be
sources of natural radioactivity, principally radium and
radon. Other sources of contaminants are:
Radio fall-out from nuclear weapons testings, or from
nuclear accidents
Nuclear power plant facilities
Medical use of radioactives substances
Although the contribution of radioactivity in
drinking-water from those sources is very minimal, it is
still important to monitor radioactivity to protect the

STORMWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM

Stormwater runoff
generally occurs as
sheet flow to the to
the streets, conveyed
as gutter flow along
the streets to drain
inlets; collected by
storm sewers in
buried conduits; and
discharge into
streams, lakes, or
ponds.