FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission
Systems
By
A.Immanuel
February 26, 2015

UNIT-IV
Combined
Compensators
February 26, 2015

UNIFIED POWER FLOW

CONTROLLER (UPFC)
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) concept was

proposed by Gyugyi in 1991.

The UPFC is able to control, simultaneously or selectively, all
the parameters affecting power flow in the transmission line (i.e.,
voltage, impedance, and phase angle), and this unique capability
is signified by the adjective "unified in its name.
It can independently control both the real and .reactive power
flow in the line.
The control of real power is associated with similar change in
reactive power, i.e., increased real power flow also resulted in
increased reactive line power.
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UPFC has following features.

Instantaneous speed of response
Extended functionality
Capability to control voltage, line impedance and phase angle in the

power system network

Enhanced power transfer capability
Ability to decrease generation cost
Ability to improve security and stability
Applicability for power flow control, loop flow control, load

sharing among parallel corridors

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Basic Operating Principles

UPFC is a generalized synchronous voltage source (SVS),

represented at the fundamental (power system) frequency by

voltage phasor Vpq with controllable magnitude Vpq(0Vpq Vpqmax)
and angle (0 2), in series with the transmission line, as
illustrated for the usual elementary two machine system.
SVS generally exchanges both reactive and real power with the
transmission system.
SVS is able to generate only the reactive power exchanged, the
real power must be supplied to it, or absorbed from it, by a suitable
power supply or sink.
In the UPFC arrangement the real power exchanged is provided by
one of the end buses (e.g., the sending-end bus), as indicated in
Figure 1.
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Fig 1:Conceptual representation of the UPFC in a two-machine power

system.
February
26, 2015

UPFC STRUCTURE
The general structure of UPFC contains back to back AC to DC

voltage source converters operated from a common DC link

capacitor.
The general structure of UPFC is shown in Fig 2.

Fig 2: Circuit Diagram of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

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Fig 3: Implementation of the UPFC by two back-to-back voltagesourced converters

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 In the presently used practical implementation, the UPFC

consists of two voltage-sourced converters using gate turn-off

(GTO) Thyristor valves.
These converters, labeled converter1 and converter2, are
operated from a common dc link provided by a dc storage
capacitor.
This arrangement functions as an ideal ac to ac power converter

in which the real power can freely flow in either direction

between the ac terminals of the two converters, and each
converter can independently generate (or absorb) reactive power
at its own ac output terminal

February 26, 2015

Converter 2 provides the main function of the UPFC by injecting a voltage Vpq
with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line via an
insertion transformer.

This injected voltage acts essentially as a synchronous ac voltage source. The

transmission line current flows through this voltage source resulting in reactive
and real power exchange between it and the ac system.

The reactive power exchanged at the ac terminal (i.e., at the terminal of the
series insertion transformer) is generated internally by the converter.

The real power exchanged at the terminal is converted into dc power which
appears at the dc link as a positive or negative real power demand.

The basic function of converter 1 is to supply or absorb the real power

demanded by converter 2 at the common dc link.

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This dc link power is converted back to ac and coupled to the

transmission line via a shunt-connected transformer.

Converter 1 can also generate or absorb controllable reactive
power, if it is desired, and thereby provide independent shunt
reactive compensation for the line.
It is important to note that, there is a closed path for the real
power negotiated by the action of series voltage injection through
Converters 1 and 2 back to the line, the corresponding reactive
power exchanged is supplied or absorbed locally by Converter 2
and therefore does not have to be transmitted by the line.
Thus, Converter 1 can be operated at a unity power factor or be
controlled to have a real power exchange with the line independent of the reactive power exchanged by Converter 2. so, there can
be no reactive power flow through the UPFC dc link.
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Conventional Transmission
Control Capabilities
UPFC can fulfill the all functions of shunt and series compensa

-tion to meet multiple control objectives by adding the injected

voltage Vpq with appropriate amplitude and phase angle, to the
(sending-end) terminal voltage Vs
Using phasor representation, the basic UPFC power flow control

functions are illustrated in Figure 4.

Voltage regulation with continuously variable in-phase/antiphase voltage injection,is shown in Figure 4(a) for voltage
increments Vpq = V ( = 0).
This is functionally similar to that obtainable with a transformer

tap
changer having infinitely small steps.
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Fig 4: Phasor diagrams illustrating the conventional transmission

control capabilities of the UPFC.
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Series reactive compensation is shown in Figure 4(b) where

Vpq = Vq is injected in quadrature with the line current I.

Functionally this is similar to series capacitive and inductive line

compensation attained by the SSSC.

The injected series compensating voltage can be kept constant, if
desired, independent of line current variation, or can be varied in
proportion with the line current to imitate the compensation
obtained with a series capacitor or reactor.
Phase angle regulation (phase shift) is shown in Figure 4(c) where
Vpq=V is injected with an angular relationship with respect to V s,
that achieves the desired phase shift (advance or retard) without
any change in magnitude.
The UPFC can function as a perfect Phase Angle Regulator which,
can also supply the reactive power involved with the transmission
angle
by internal var generation.
Februarycontrol
26, 2015
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Multifunction power flow control, executed by simultaneous

terminal voltage regulation, series capacitive line compensation,

and phase shifting, is shown in Fig4(d) where Vpq =V+V q+V.
This functional capability is unique to the UPFC.
The transmitted power P and the reactive power - jQr supplied by
the receiving end, can be expressed as follows.
...(1)
where symbol * means the conjugate of a complex number and
j = ej/2 = -1. If Vpq=0, then eq(1) describes the uncompensated
system, that is,
(2)
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with Vpq 0, the total real and reactive power can be

written in the form
(3)
substituting
(4)
and
(5)
the following expressions are obtained for P and Q r:
(6)
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And
(7)
where

.(8)

(9)
are the real and reactive power characterizing the power
transmission of the uncompensated system at a given angle .
is freely variable between 0 and 2 at any given transmission angle
(0 ), it follows that Ppq() and Qpq() are controllable between VVpq/X and + VVpq/X independent of angle . Therefore, the
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transmittable
real power is controllable between

(10)
and the reactive power Qr is controllable between
(11)
at any transmission angle .
The wide range of control for the transmitted power that is
independent of the transmission angle , observable in the figure,
indicates not only superior capability of the UPFC in power flow
applications, but it also suggests powerful capacity for transient
stability
improvement and power oscillation damping.
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Fig 5: Range of transmittable real power P and receiving-end reactive power

demand Q vs. transmission angle of a UPFC controlled transmission line
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A phasor diagram, defining the relationship between V s,Vr,Vx (the

voltage phasor across X) and the inserted voltage phasor V pq, with
controllable magnitude (0Vpq Vpqmax) and angle (0pq 360), is
shown in Figure 6(a).
the inserted voltage phasor Vpq is added to the fixed sending-end
voltage phasor Vs to produce the effective sending-end voltage V seff
= Vs+ Vpq.
The difference,Vseff -Vr provides the compensated voltage phasor,

Vx , across X.
As angle pq is varied over its full 360 0 range, the end of phasor Vpq

moves along a circle with its center located at the end of phasor V s.
The area within this circle, obtained with V pqmax, defines the

operating range of phasor Vpq and thereby the achievable

compensation
of the line.
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Fig 6: Phasor diagram representation of the UPFC (a) and variation of the receiving-end
real and reactive power, and the real and reactive power supplied by the UPFC, with the
angular
rotation
of the injected voltage phasor (b).
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26, 2015
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The rotation of phasor Vpq with angle pq modulates both the

magnitude and angle of phasor Vx and, therefore, both the

transmitted real power, P, and the reactive power, Qr vary with pq
in a sinusoidal manner, as illustrated in Fig 6(b).
This process, of course, requires the voltage source (Vpq) to
supply and absorb both reactive and real power, Qpq and Ppq ,
which are also sinusoidal functions of angle pq, as shown in the
figure.
the UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular position of
the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real
and reactive power flow in the line to satisfy load demand and
system operating conditions.
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Independent Real and Reactive

Power Flow Control
To investigate the capability of the UPFC to control real and

reactive power flow in the transmission line, refer to Figure 6(a).

Let it first be assumed that the injected compensating voltage,
Vpq is zero. Then the original elementary two machine (or twobus ac intertie) system with sending-end voltage Vsreceiving-end
voltage Vr transmission angle , and line impedance X is
restored.
The normalized transmitted power, Po() = {V 2/X} sin = sin ,
and the normalized reactive power, Qo() = Qos() = -Qor() =
{V2/X }{1 - cos } = 1-cos , supplied at the ends of the line, are
shown plotted against angle () in Figure 7(a)
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The relationship between real power Po() and reactive power Qo,

() can readily be expressed with V2/X = 1 in the following form:

(12)

or
(13)
Equation (13) describes a circle with a radius of 1.0 around the
center defined by coordinates P = 0 and Qr = -1 in a {Q r, P}
plane, as illustrated for positive values of P in Figure 7(b).
Each point of this circle gives the corresponding Po and Q or
values of the uncompensated system at a specific transmission
angle .
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Fig 7:Transmittable real power Poand receiving-end reactive power demand Qorvs.
transmission angle of a two-machine system (a) and the corresponding Qor vs. Po loci (b).
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For example,at = 0, Po=0 and QOr=0; at =30, Po=0.5 and QOr =

-0.134; at =90,Po=1.0 and QOr=-1.0; etc

Refer again to Figure 6(a) and assume now that V pq O. It follows

from eq(2),or (6) and (7), and from Figure 6(b), that the real and
reactive power change from their uncompensated values, P o() and
QOr(), as functions of the magnitude Vpq and angle of the injected
voltage phasor Vpq.
Since angle is an unrestricted variable (0 2), the boundary

of the attainable control region for P(, ) and Qr(, ) is obtained

from a complete rotation of phasor V pq with its maximum magnitude
Vpqmax
It follows from the above equations that this control region is a

circle with a center defined by coordinates P o() and Qor() and a

radius of VrVpq/X. With Vs = Vr = V, the boundary circle can be
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described
by the following equation:

.
(14)

The circular control regions defined by (14) are shown in Figures

8(a) through (d) for V = 1.0, Vpqmax = 0.5, and X = 1.0 (per unit
or p.u. values) with their centers on the circular arc characteriz
-ing the uncompensated system (13) at transmission angles = 0,
30, 60, and 90.
Consider first Figure 8(a), which illustrates the case when the
transmission angle is zero ( = 0). With Vpq = 0, P, Qr (and Qr)
are all zero, i.e., the system is at standstill at the origin of the Qr,
P coordinates.
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Fig 8:Control region of the attainable real power P and receiving-end reactive power demand Q,
withFebruary
a UPFC-controlled
transmission line at = 0 (a), = 300 (b), = 60 (c), and = 90 28
(d).
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The circle around the origin of the{Qr, P} plane is the loci of the

corresponding Q, and P values, obtained as the voltage phasor

Vpq is rotated a full revolution (0 360) with its maximum
magnitude Vpqmax.
The area within this circle defines all P and Q, values obtainable
by controlling the magnitude Vpq and angle of phasor Vpq.
In other words, the circle in the {Qr, P}plane defines all P and Q,
values attainable with the UPFC of a given rating.
It can be observed, for example, that the UPFC with the
stipulated voltage rating of 0.5 p.u.is able to establish 0.5 p.u.
power flow, in either direction, without imposing any reactive
power demand on either the sending-end or the receiving-end
generator.
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Figures 8(a) through (d) clearly demonstrate that the UPFC, with

its unique capability to control independently the real and

reactive power flow at any transmission angle, provides a
powerful, hitherto unattainable, new tool for transmission system
control.

Control Structure
The superior operating characteristics of the UPFC are due to its

unique ability to inject an ac compensating voltage vector with

arbitrary magnitude and angle in series with the line upon
command, subject only to equipment rating limits.
With suitable electronic controls, the UPFC can cause the seriesinjected voltage vector to vary rapidly and continuously in
magnitude and/or angle as desired.
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It is not only able to establish an operating point within a wide

range of possible P, Q conditions on the line, but also has the

inherent capability to transition rapidly from one such achievable
operating point to any other.

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Fig 9: Basic UPFC control scheme

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February 26, 2015

Fig 10: Overall UPFC control structure

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Different operating modes of

UPFC
Active and reactive power flow control
Power flow control by voltage shifting
General Direct Voltage Injection
Direct Voltage Injection with Vse in phase with Vi
Direct Voltage Injection with Vse in Quadrature

with Vi
Voltage Regulation with Vse in phase with Vi
Phase Shifting Regulation
Line Impedance Compensation
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There fore the series converter has following

control modes
Direct

Voltage control mode .

Line impedance emulation mode.
Phase angle Shift emulation mode.
Power flow control mode

Shunt converter has following control modes

Reactive

power control mode.

Voltage control mode.

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February 26, 2015

Fig7 : Equivalent circuit of UPFC

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Various Applications of UPFC

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THANK YOU
&
ALL THE BEST
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