Lecture 24

Basic Diode Concepts

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diodes
1. Understand diode operation and select diodes
for various applications.
2. Analyze nonlinear circuits using the graphical
load-line technique.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Analyze and design simple voltage-regulator

circuits.
4. Solve circuits using the ideal-diode model and
piecewise-linear models.
5. Understand various rectifier and wave shaping
circuits.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fluid Analogy

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diode-Fluid Analogy
Pivot
Seat

Flapper

Schematic diagram of a flapper valve

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thermionic Diode

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Galena (Sulphide Ore of Lead)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cats Whisker

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Semiconductor Diode

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

P-Type and N-Type Materials

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

http://www.ineer.org/Events/ICEE1999/Proceedings/papers/334/334.htm

P-N Junction

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

http://www.ineer.org/Events/ICEE1999/Proceedings/papers/334/334.htm

Carrier Recombination

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

http://www.ineer.org/Events/ICEE1999/Proceedings/papers/334/334.htm

Depletion Layer

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

http://www.ineer.org/Events/ICEE1999/Proceedings/papers/334/334.htm

I-V Characteristic
On

Off
Reverse
Breakdown

Non-linear I-V
Characteristic

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Shockley Equation

vD
iD I s exp
nVT

kT
VT
q

n = Emission coefficient (1<n<2)

k = 1.38 1023 J/K is Boltzmanns constant and
q = 1.60 1019 C is the magnitude of the
electrical charge of an electron. At a temperature
of 300 K, we have
VT 26 mV
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Shockley Equation

vD
iD I s exp
nVT

vD
i D I s exp
nVT

kT
VT
26 mV
q

for v D VT

i D I s for v D -VT until reaching reverse breakdown

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Zener Diodes
Diodes that are intended to operate in the
breakdown region are called Zener diodes.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Zener Diodes

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Load-Line Analysis of Diode

Circuits

VSS RiD v D

Assume VSS and R are known. Find iD and vD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Load-Line Analysis of Diode

Circuits

VSS Ri D v D

VSS RiD v D

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Load-Line Analysis of Diode

Circuits V 2V
ss

R 1k
2 1000i D v D
iD 0 v D 2
v D 0 iD

2V
2mA
1000

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Load-Line Analysis of Diode

Circuits V 10V
ss

R 10k
10 10,000iD v D
10V
1mA
10,000
i D 0 v D 10 (offscale)

v D 0 iD

v D 2 iD

8V
0.8mA
10,000

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

IdealDiodeModel
The ideal diode acts as a short
circuit for forward currents
and as an open circuit with
reverse voltage applied.
iD > 0 vD < 0 diode is in the on state
vD < 0 ID = 0 diode is in the off state
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits
1.Assumeastateforeachdiode,eitheron(i.e.,a
shortcircuit)oroff(i.e.,anopencircuit).Forn
diodesthereare2npossiblecombinationsof
diodestates.
2.Analyzethecircuittodeterminethecurrent
throughthediodesassumedtobeonandthe
voltageacrossthediodesassumedtobeoff.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Check to see if the result is consistent with the

assumed state for each diode. Current must flow
in the forward direction for diodes assumed to
be on. Furthermore, the voltage across the
diodes assumed to be off must be positive at the
cathode (i.e., reverse bias).
4. If the results are consistent with the assumed
states, the analysis is finished. Otherwise, return
to step 1 and choose a different combination of
diode states.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

Assume D1 off and D2 on:

vD1= 7V

D1 would
be on!
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

Assume D1 off and D2 off:

Both diodes should be on!
vD1= 10V

vD2= 3V

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

Assume D1 on and D2 on:

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits
i1

i2

i3

10V 3V
i1
1.75 mA
4 K
3V
i3
0.5 mA
6 K
i1 i2 i3 i2 i3 i1 0.5 mA 1.75 mA 1.25 mA
Not consistent with direction of current through D2!
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

Assume D1 on and D2 off:

6V
iD1=1mA

This works!
vD1= -3V

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

D1 off

D1 would be
on!

D1 on

This
works!

iD

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

D2 on

Current is going
the wrong way
through the
diode!

iD

D2 off

VD consistent
with D2 off

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

D3 on

D3 off

D4 on

D4 on

D3 on

D3 off

D4 off

D4 off

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

6.67 mA

D3 on
-1.67 mA

D4 on

V
V (10)

5mA
2k
1k
V 2V 20 10
3V 10
10
V
i1 1.67 mA i2 6.67mA
3

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

+-

D3 on
10V

-+

20V

D4 off

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits

Not consistent
with 5 mA
current source!
D3 off
D4 off
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

Assumed States for Analysis of

Ideal-Diode Circuits
+5V

D3 off

+-

V
5mA

D4 on

v 5 10 0
v 5
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.