Genetics

Eckert
Minerva DeLand
Flip part 1

Genetics
The

study of ways hereditary

information is passed from parents to
offspring

The Importance of DNA

Chromosomes carry
hereditary
information in
distinct units, called
genes (like beads on
gene
a necklace).

The Importance of DNA

DNA makes up genes, which make up
chromosomes
nucleus
chromosome
gene
DNA

Importance of DNA
Genes

are the functional sections of

DNA
DNA determines the sequence of amino
acids that make a protein

Gene Expression and Proteins

Proteins synthesized by the code found in the
gene sequence

Including enzymes and hormones

One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

- Each gene directs the synthesis of a specific
protein to serve a function in the human body

The Chemical Nature of DNA

Nucleic Acids

Complex molecules that store and transmit genetic

information
Building blocks of DNA and RNA

Nucleotides
Repeating subunits of nucleic acids

Parts of a Nucleotide

Phosphate, Sugar (Deoxyribose), Nitrogenous base

In the box on the right draw:

P

Deoxyribose
(Sugar)

phosphate

D(S)

NB
Nitrogenous
base

The Chemical Nature of DNA

DNA is the abbreviation of
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA the Genetic Chemical

There are 4 different DNA nucleotides:

DNA the Genetic Chemical

A weak hydrogen bond (H bond) holds
each pair together

Image from:
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/DNA/DNA_structure

Watson and Crick the Model

of
DNA

Developed hypothesis for DNA structure

Made of two complementary nucleotide
chains

Held together by weak hydrogen bonds

Watson and Crick the Model of

DNA
Used

x-ray evidence
Chains twist around
each other

Discovered by
Rosalind Franklin
Shape of a twisted
ladder
Double

helix

Pictures from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/J/N/ and http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Chr16/Chr16.home.html

Replication,
Transcription,
& Translation
Eckert
Minerva DeLand Science

Replication of DNA
Occurs

during interphase of meiosis and mitosis

Makes exact copy of DNA

H bonds break
The two strands come apart
Extra nucleotides in nucleus join the exposed strands

Each

double stranded molecule contains one old

strand and one new strand of DNA. This is referred to
as semiconservative replication

The DNA Code

Order

of bases code for amino acid

3 bases = 1 amino acid
DNA specifies the order of the amino
acids
20 different amino acids

DNA
Confined to the
nucleus

RNA
Can leave the nucleus

Thymine (T)

Uracil (U)

Double stranded

Single stranded

Sugar=deoxyribose

Sugar=ribose

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ribonucleic acid

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA

is too large to leave the nucleus

Get me
out of
here!!!

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Therefore

a smaller version of the

genetic information must be copied and
sent to a ribosome in the cytoplasm to
make a polypeptide.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA

strands temporarily separate

One strand serves as a pattern (template)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

RNA

nucleotides match complementary

bases at the exposed DNA strand

Brand new
RNA strand
(mRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Codon- each group of 3 bases on the
mRNA strand that codes for a specific
protein.

CODON

A G U G A C C A U G A G C

Transcription
The copying of a genetic message into a
molecule of RNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Carries

an amino
acid that will build
the polypeptide
chain
Loop of exposed
nucleotides

Anticodon

Must

complement
codon

Picture from: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/2011%20Web

%20Pages/Genetics-%20DNA-RNA%20page.htm

Ribosome
Made

of ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
Made of protein

Made in nucleus and

travels to cytoplasm

Location

of
polypeptide
assembly during
protein synthesis

Picture from: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/2011%20Web

%20Pages/Genetics-%20DNA-RNA%20page.htm

Picture from: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/2011%20Web

%20Pages/Genetics-%20DNA-RNA%20page.htm

Translation:

information coded in the RNA is used to

assemble a protein

1. All 3 RNAs made in nucleus

2. RNA and ribosome leave nucleus
3. Amino acid molecules attach to tRNA molecules
4. Ribosome attach to mRNA strands
5. tRNA anticodon attaches temporarily to mRNA
codon
6. Amino acid is released

Translation:
7.
8.
9.
10.

Ribosome moves to next codon

tRNA brings amino acid to join the last
amino acid in the protein chain
Amino acids are added until a stop
codon is reached
Polypeptide is released

Central Dogma of Science

DNA

Transcription

RNA

on
i
t
la
s
n
a
r
T

Protei
n

Expr
ess

ion

Trait