Beruflich Dokumente
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LEARNING OUTCOME :
Upon completion of this course students will be
able to :
Explain clearly the component of runoff
Define the definition of catchments area and the
catchments characteristics
Calculate the Stream flow measurement using
velocity area method, mean section and mid
section method
Calculate the infiltration using Phi Index-
method
SURFACE RUNOFF :
Surface runoff is water,
from rain, snowmelt, or
other sources, that flows
over the land surface,
and is a major
component of the water
cycle
COMPONENT OF RUNOFF
1. Direct Runof
It is that part of the runoff which enters
the stream immediately after the rainfall.
Include : surface runoff, prompt interflow
and rainfall on the surface of the stream.
Direct Runof (DRO) is the total of
surface runoff and interflow
COMPONENT OF RUNOFF
2. Interflow
the water that travels laterally or
horizontally through the zone of aeration
(vadose zone) without reaching the water
table during or immediately after a
precipitation event and discharges directly
into a stream or other body of water
3. Baseflow
The delayed flow that reaches a stream
essentially as groundwater flow called base
flow.
In the annual hydrograph of a perennial
stream the base flow is easily recognized as
the slowly decreasing flow of the stream in
rainless periods.
Watershed
(divide)
River Flow
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
CATCHMENT AREA
Land Use
Vegetation
Soil type
Drainage area
Basin shape
Elevation
Topography, especially the slope of the land
Drainage network patterns
STEP 3 :
At each measuring point, read and record the total depth,
multiply the total depth by 0.6 to determine the depth of
average velocity, set the propeller at the new depth, read and
record the velocity.
STEP 4 :
The total amount of water moving through your section is a
function of the size of the stream (cross-sectional area) and the
velocity. Used the velocity measurements and the depth and
distance measurements you recorded to calculate the total
volume of water flowing through the section (total discharge).
Example :
The data pertaining to a stream-gauging operation at a
gauging site are given below.
The rating equation of the current meter is
v = 0.51 Ns + 0.03m/s where Ns = Revolutions per second.
Calculate the discharge in the stream.
Distance from left
water edge (m)
1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
12.0
Depth (m)
1.1
2.0
2.5
2.0
1.7
1.0
Revolution of a
current meter kept
at 0.6 depth
39
58
112
90
45
30
Duration of
observation (s)
100
100
150
150
100
100
Solution :
V = 0.51Ns + 0.03 m/s ( Based on calibration of current meter )
0.6 x Depth ( Based
on observation
depth 0.6D, 0.8D
and 0.2D)
Distanc
e from
initial
points
(m)
Ns = Time / Rev
Revise
d
Depth,
m
Depth of
Observat
ion, m
Revolutio
ns
Tim
e, s
Ns
(rev/
s)
Veloci
ty at
point,
V
Mean
Mean
Velocit
Velocit
y in
y in
section
vertical
Area
of
secti
on
(m2)
Mean
Width
Depth
of
of
Sectio
Section
n
(m)
(m)
(0.03+0.229)/2
1.0
1.1
0.66
3.0
2.0
5.0
Discharg
e
(m3/s)
Remar
ks
0.000
1.0
0.152
2.0
1.141
0-0
0.030
0.030
0.129
39
0.229
0.277
0.55
1.2
58
0.326
0.368
3.10
1.55
2.5
1.5
112
0.411
0.373
4.50
2.25
2.0
1.679
7.0
2.0
1.2
90
0.336
0.298
4.50
2.25
2.0
1.341
9.0
1.7
1.02
45
0.260
0.221
3.70
1.85
2.0
0.818
11.0
1.0
0.6
30
0.183
0.107
2.70
1.35
2.0
0.289
12.0
0.030
0.015
0.50
0.50
1.0
0.008
0.030
(0.229+0.326)/2
(0 + 1.1)/2
0.55
(1.1 + 2.0)/2
0 -0
1.0
3.0 1.0
5.0 3.0
Problem Based 1 :
Taking the rates of current meter as V = 0.05 + 0.8Ns, where V is
m/s and Ns is in rev/s, calculate the stream flow according to the
following observations in Table below.
Distance
from river
bank, m
0
0.6
1.2
2.0
3.0
3.8
4.5
5.0
Depth, m
0
1.0
4.0
5.5
6.5
4.5
2.5
1.0
Current
meter depth,
m
0
0.6D
0.2D
0.8D
0.2D
0.8D
0.2D
0.8D
0.2D
0.8D
0.2D
0.8D
0.6D
Revolution
s
Time, s
0
15
30
48
40
60
45
67
33
51
26
44
20
0
50
55
53
46
54
48
52
54
50
48
55
47
ESTIMATION OF INFILTRATION
The rate at which water infiltrates into a ground is called
the infiltration capacity.
When a soil is dry, the infiltration rate is usually high
compared to when the soil is moist.
For an initially dry soil subjected to rain, the infiltration
capacity curve shows an exponentially decaying trend as
shown in Figure below.
INFILTRATION INDICES
The two commonly used infiltration indices are
the following:
index
W index
THE - INDEX
The rate of infiltration - the rainfall volume
equals runoff volume.
Example :
A storm with 10 cm of precipitation produced a direct runoff
of 5.8 cm. The duration of the rainfall was 16 hours and its
time distribution is given below.
Time from
start (h)
10
Intensity of
rain (cm/h)
0.20
0.45
0.75
1.15
0.90
12
14
16
Solution :
Here duration of rainfall D = 16h, t = 2h and N = 8
Trail 1 :
Assume M = 8, t = 2h and hence te = M, t = 16h
Since M = N, all the pulses are included
Runoff, Rd = 5.8 cm =
Trial 2 :
that is
Trial 3 :
Problem Based 2 :
The following rainfall distribution was measured during a
12 hour storm :
Time (hour)
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12
Rainfall Intensity
(cm/h)
1.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
0.5
1.5
Runoff depth was 16 cm. Calculate the -index for this storm.