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IntroductiontoDatabases
Transparencies
Chapter1Objectives
Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).
Chapter1Objectives
TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMSenvironment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMSenvironment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.
ExamplesofDatabaseApplications
Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity
FileBasedSystems
Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.reports).
Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesitsown
data.
FileBasedProcessing
LimitationsofFileBasedApproach
Separationandisolationofdata
Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.
Duplicationofdata
Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.
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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach
Datadependence
Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.
Incompatiblefileformats
Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,andso
cannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.
FixedQueries/Proliferationofapplicationprograms
Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticularfunctions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.
DatabaseApproach
Arosebecause:
Definitionofdatawasembeddedinapplication
programs,ratherthanbeingstoredseparatelyand
independently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationofdata
beyondthatimposedbyapplicationprograms.
Result:
thedatabaseandDatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS).
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Database
Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata(anda
descriptionofthisdata),designedtomeetthe
informationneedsofanorganization.
Systemcatalog(metadata)providesdescriptionof
datatoenableprogramdataindependence.
Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofanorganizations
information.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
Asoftwaresystemthatenablesuserstodefine,
create,andmaintainthedatabaseandthat
providescontrolledaccesstothisdatabase.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
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DatabaseApproach
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).
Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,structuresand
anydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.
Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).
Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)ofthe
data.
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DatabaseApproach
Controlledaccesstodatabasemayinclude:
Asecuritysystem.
Anintegritysystem.
Aconcurrencycontrolsystem.
Arecoverycontrolsystem.
Auseraccessiblecatalog.
Aviewmechanism.
Providesuserswithonlythedatatheywantorneed
touse.
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Views
Allowseachusertohavehisorherownviewof
thedatabase.
Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.
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Views
Benefitsinclude:
Reducecomplexity;
Providealevelofsecurity;
Provideamechanismtocustomizetheappearance
ofthedatabase;
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpictureofthe
structureofthedatabase,eveniftheunderlying
databaseischanged.
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Hardware
CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.
Software
DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.
Data
Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment
Procedures
Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.
People
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RolesintheDatabaseEnvironment
DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(LogicalandPhysical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)
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HistoryofDatabaseSystems
Firstgeneration
HierarchicalandNetwork
Secondgeneration
Relational
Thirdgeneration
ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented
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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamountofdata
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale
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AdvantagesofDBMSs
Balancedconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityandresponsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices
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DisadvantagesofDBMSs
Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure
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