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Synthetic Forwards
A synthetic long forward contract
Buying a call and selling a put on the same underlying asset, with
each option having the same strike price and time to expiration
Example: buy the $1,000strike S&R call and sell
the $1,000-strike S&R
put, each with 6 months
to expiration
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Table 3.1 Payoff and profit at expiration from purchasing the S&R
index and a 1000-strike put option. Payoff is the sum of the first two
columns. Cost plus interest for the position is ($1000 + $74.201)
1.02 = $1095.68. Profit is payoff less $1095.68.
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F 0,T
S0
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, an arbitrageur
F P 0,T S0
Table 5.2 Cash flows and
transactions to undertake
arbitrage when the prepaid
forward price, FP 0,T , exceeds
the stock price, S0.
Since, this sort of arbitrage profits are traded away quickly, and cannot persist, at equilibrium we can
expect:
F P 0,T S0
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P
0,T
S0
F P 0,T S0
For discrete dividends Dti at times ti, i = 1,., n
P
n
F
0,T
0
i 1 PV0,ti (Dti )
The prepaid forward price:
For continuous dividends with an annualized yield
The prepaid forward price:
F P 0,T S0 e T
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F0,T S 0 e
( r )T
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$60
$41
$30
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Costs
Portfolio A: the call premium, which is unknown
Portfolio B: 2/3 $41 $18.462 = $8.871
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Portfolio B:
2/3 purchased shares
Repay loan of $18.462
Total payoff
$60.0
$20.0
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Costs
Portfolio A: the call premium, which is unknown
Portfolio B: 0.7376 $41 $22.405 = $7.839
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dS0
Cd
Note that u (d) in the stock price tree is interpreted as one plus the rate of
capital gain (loss) on the stock if it foes up (down)
Sh e B
rh
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$60
$41
$30
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A Graphical Interpretation of
the Binomial Formula (contd)
Figure 10.2 The payoff to
an expiring call option is
the dark heavy line. The
payoff to the option at the
points dS and uS are Cd
and Cu (at point D). The
portfolio consisting of
shares and B bonds has
intercept erh B and slope
, and by construction
goes through both points
E and D. The slope of the
line is calculated as
Rise/Run between points
E and D, which gives the
formula for .
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Equation 10.5
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uSt Ft ,t h e
dSt Ft ,t h e
(10.10)
Where is the annualized standard deviation of the continuously
compounded return, and h is standard deviation over a period of
length h
u e( r ) h
d e( r ) h
h
(10.11)
We refer to a tree constructed using equation (10.11) as a forward
tree.
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Figure 10.3 Binomial tree for pricing a European call option; assumes
S = $41.00, K = $40.00, = 0.30, r = 0.08, T = 1.00 years, = 0.00, and h =
1.000. At each node the stock price, option price, , and B are given. Option
prices in bold italic signify that exercise is optimal at that node.
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Summary
In order to price an option, we need to know
Stock price
Strike price
Standard deviation of returns on the stock
Dividend yield
Risk-free rate
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Su $41e0.081/ 3 0.3
1/ 3
$50.071
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Put Options
We compute put option prices using the same
stock price tree and in the same way as call
option prices
The only difference with a European put option
occurs at expiration
Instead of computing the price as max (0, S K), we
use max (0, K S)
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Options on Currency
With a currency with spot price x0, the forward
price is
F0,t x0 e
(r rf )t
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