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PASSIVE

VENTILATION
Passive ventilation relies typically on using both convective air flows that result
from the tendency of warm air to rise and cool air to sink and taking advantage
of prevailing winds. Air moves naturally due to the buoyancy effect when a
temperature difference exists and less dense air rises. This is called the stack
effect It is ventilation without the assistance of fans or other mechanical air
moving equipment. The size and placement of these openings can be used to
guide air into and through your home.

To encourage cool air flow, you'll need larger windows opening to the breeze and smaller, higher windows on the
walls on the opposite side of the house

Passive ventilation can only work if


air
has
clear,
uninterrupted
pathways through your home. You
can maximize air flow by designing
open plan areas or having high
vents or other openings between
rooms. In general, windows should
be larger on one side of the home
than the other in order to encourage
air flow.

PASSIVE STACK VENTILATION


Passive Stack Ventilation (PSV) is a
system of vertical ducting from room
ceilings to roof outlets providing
ventilation by stack effect and wind
passing over the roof.
This is a non-mechanical form of
ventilation whereby vents are located in
wet zones and use the principle of
convection to allow the movement of air
via currents through ducts measuring
around 100-150mm. Background vents
need to be installed in conjunction with
passive
stack. due to the natural mechanism of the 'stack effect' caused by
This works
temperature differences between the inside and outside: cold air enters
the lower part of the building and rises to exit at the top.
Flow can reverse in summer when the interior is cooler than the outside.
Vents in the ceilings of 'wet rooms' such as the kitchen and bathroom
connect via ducts to outlets on the roof, and allow the warm moist air to
escape.
This is replaced by cooler dry air entering via trickle vents in 'dry' rooms,
such as living rooms and bedrooms, and air leakage, which disperses to all
parts of the building. Dispersal is assisted by gaps at the bottom of

DESIGN OF PSV SYSTEMS


The layouts shown in Figure 1 are considered to be suitable for the majority of
dwellings of up to three storeys. Separate ducts are taken from the ceilings of the
kitchen, bathroom, utility room or WC to separate terminals on the roof. There are
broadly two suitable positions for the duct outlet terminals.
I. Ducts with ridge terminals
(Figure l(a))
Placing the outlet terminal at the ridge
of the roof is the preferred option for
reducing the adverse affects of wind
gusts and certain wind directions.
This layout does, however, introduce
bends into the ducts because of the
room configuration.
Sharp bends will cause a resistance
to the flow of air and so reduce the
effectiveness of the system.
Any bends should therefore be of
the 'sweep rather than the 'sharp'
type and no more than two in
number. In addition, no section of
duct should be at an angle of more
than 45 to the vertical so that, in
general, exhaust grilles should be as

II. Ducts penetrating the roof


(Figure l(b))
An alternative layout is to have the
ducts running vertically and penetrating
the roof away from the ridge with the
centre line of the PSV within 1.5 m of the
ridge. They should extend above the
roof level to at least ridge height to
ensure that the duct outlet is in the
negative pressure region above the roof.

Ducts that terminate on the slope of


the roof (tile vents) should not be
used because, under certain wind
conditions, air flow will almost
certainly be reversed (Figure 3). This
would result in moist air being
transferred to other rooms in the
dwelling and may cause discomfort.
Also, such positioning of the outlet
leads, particularly in the bathroom,
to a significant loss of stack height
which is one of the main driving
forces of the system.

ADVANTAGES
Suitable for retro-fit during major
refurbishment
Natural ventilation uses no energy or little
energy therefore reduces building running
costs.
Silent in operation
Low maintenance - periodic cleaning of
grilles and checks of ducting and roof
outlets

DISADVANTAGES
Requires careful design and
installation to work effectively.
Performance dependent on weather.
conditions - but flow can be assisted
by an extract fan.
No heat recovery possible although
performance enhanced by humiditysensitive inlets

ACTIVE VENTILATION
Ventilation systems that use fans to draw fresh outside air into the building,
the systems provide consistent air flow to interior spaces and can be designed
to maximize the indoor environment quality by controlling factors such as air
speed, air quality, temperature , and humidity. A well-insulated, well-designed
home may only need to use active ventilation for rooms where moisture is
generated (bathroom, laundry andkitchen), while passive ventilation will be
sufficient for maintaining air quality through the rest of your home.
Active ventilation may also be needed to get warm air into cooler, damper
areas such as south-facing rooms - for example by heat transfer systems

Mechanically assisted extract ventilation


system -through an air handling unit or direct
injection to a space by a fan. A local exhaust
fan can enhance infiltration or natural
ventilation, thus increasing the ventilation air
flow rate. This may be because the number of
individual ducts would be excessive, i.e. too
space consuming and obtrusive with several
roof terminals. A low powered (40 W) silent
running fan is normally located within the roof
structure. It runs continuously and may be
boosted by manual control when the level of
cooking or
bathing
activity
increases.
Humidity sensors can also be used to

The diagram below shows some of the features of a


Natural Ventilation system for a four-storey building.

Dampers can be used to control


air entering and/or exiting a
natural ventilation system.
These dampers could be linked
to
occupancy
sensors,
temperature
sensors,
time
switches
and
other
weather
sensors to give automatic control
of ventilation which is the key to a
useful system.

Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery


MVHR is a development of MAVS to include
energy recovery from the warmth in fan
extracted moist air from bathrooms and
kitchens. The heat recovery unit contains an
extract fan for the stale air, a fresh air supply fan
and a heat exchanger. This provides a balanced
continuous ventilation system, obviating the
need for ventilation openings such as trickle
ventilators. Apart from natural leakage through
the building and air movement from people
opening and closing external doors, the building
is sealed to maximize energy efficiency. Up to
70% of the heat energy in stale air can be
recovered, but this system is not an alternative
to central heating. A space heating system is
required and MVHR can be expected to
contribute significantly to its economic use.

Mechanical ventilation systems are frequently applied to commercial buildings,


workshops, factories, etc., where the air change requirements are defined for
health and welfare provision. There are three categories of system:
1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract
2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3. Mechanical inlet and mechanical extract

In large buildings where smoking is not


permitted, such as a theatre, a downward air
distribution system may be used. This
provides a uniform supply of warm filtered air.

A mechanical inlet and mechanical extract


system can be used to regulate and
balance supply and emission of air by
designing the duct size and fan rating
specifically for the situation.

Internal sanitary accommodation must be


provided with a shunt duct to prevent smoke or
smells passing between rooms. In public
buildings, duplicated fans with automatic
changeover are also required in event of failure
of the duty fan.

Basement car parks require at least 6 air


changes per hour and at exits and ramps where
queuing occurs, local ventilation of at least 10
air changes per hour. Duplicate fans should be
provided with a fan failure automatic change
over.

Natural inlet and mechanical extract

HYBRID VENTILATION SYSTEM


Mixed Mode Ventilation or Hybrid Ventilation- utilizes both mechanical and natural
ventilation processes. The mechanical and natural components may be used in
conjunction with each other or separately at different times of day. The natural
component, sometimes subject to unpredictable external weather conditions may not
always be adequate to ventilate the desired space. The mechanical component is then
used to increase the overall ventilation rate so that the desired internal conditions are
met. The simplest often used definition of hybrid ventilation is "ventilation system that
uses natural air intake through wall inlets in combination with mechanical extraction"
The illustration shows how a fan can be used
to increase airflow. In this example, the crossventilation principle is utilised as long as the
wind speed is sufficient to create airflow inside
the building. The window on the side of the
building that faces the wind is opened less
than the window on the sheltered side.
Where there is insufficient airflow in the
building the fan operates to increase airflow.
Insufficient airflow may be due to:
- low wind speeds or outdoor temperatures
being higher than indoor temperatures
- the building structure preventing natural
airflow

The
main
principles are:

hybrid

ventilation

Natural and mechanical ventilation


This principle is based on two fully
autonomous systems where the control
strategy either switches between the two
systems, or uses one system for some
tasks and the other system for other
tasks. It covers, for example, systems
with natural ventilation in intermediate
seasons and mechanical ventilation
during
midsummer and/or midwinter;
systems with mechanical ventilation
during occupied hours and natural
ventilation for night cooling.
Fan assisted natural ventilation
This principle is based on a natural
ventilation system combined with an
extract or supply fan. It covers natural
ventilation systems which during periods
of weak natural driving forces or periods
of increased demands can enhance
pressure differences by mechanical (lowpressure) fan assistance.
Stack and wind supported mechanical
ventilation
This principle is based on a mechanical

Low energy fans for


use on still air days

Glass for solar heating of


thermal chinmey

BRE OFFICE,SCOTLAND

Another hybrid ventilation system uses the


sun to assist air movement. The vertical
shafts in the building are glass fronted so that
the sun heats up the air inside and causes it
to rise out the openings at roof level. The high
level openings in this case are stainless steel
chimneys. As air flows out of the chimneys at
roof level replacement air is drawn from the
rooms into the shaft and thus naturally
ventilated.

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