TORTORA FUNKE

CASE

Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION

B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein

Chapter 13, part B

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Attachment, Penetration, and Uncoating

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.14

Release of an enveloped virus by budding

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.20

Multiplication of DNA Virus

Papovavirus

1 Virion attaches to host cell

7 Virions are released

Host cell
DNA
Capsid

DNA
Cytoplasm

6 Virions mature

Virion penetrates
cell and its DNA is
uncoated

Capsid proteins

mRNA

5 Late translation;
capsid proteins
are synthesized

4 Late transcription;
DNA is replicated

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3 Early transcription and

translation; enzymes are

synthesized
Figure 13.15

Pathways of Multiplication for RNA-Containing Viruses

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.17

Multiplication of a Retrovirus
Capsid
Reverse
transcriptase

DNA

Virus

Two identical + stands of RNA

1 Retrovirus penetrates
host cell.

Host
cell

DNA of one of the host

cells chromosomes

5 Mature

retrovirus
leaves host
cell, acquiring
an envelope as
it buds out.

Identical
strands of
RNA
Viral proteins
RNA

Reverse
transcriptase
Viral RNA

Virion penetrates
cell and its DNA is
uncoated

4 Transcription of the

provirus may also occur,

producing RNA for new
retrovirus genomes and
RNA that codes for the
retrovirus capsid and
envelope proteins.

Provirus
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3 The new viral DNA is

tranported into the host cells

nucleus and integrated as a
provirus. The provirus may
divide indefinitely with the
host cell DNA.
Figure 13.19

Cancer

Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into

cancerous cells.
Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of
contact inhibition, tumor specific transplant and T
antigens.
The genetic material of oncogenic viruses becomes
integrated into the host cell's DNA.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oncogenic Viruses

Oncogenic DNA Viruses

Adenoviridae

Oncogenic RNA viruses

Retroviridae

Papovaviridae

Viral RNA is
transcribed to DNA
which can integrate
into host DNA

Hepadnaviridae

HTLV 1

Heresviridae
Poxviridae

HTLV 2

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Latent Viral Infections

Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long
periods
Cold sores, shingles
Persistent Viral Infections
Disease processes occurs over a long period,
generally fatal
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measles
virus)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prions
Infectious proteins
Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, &
surgical instruments
Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-StrusslerScheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow
disease
PrPC, normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface
PrPSc, scrapie protein, accumulate in brain cells forming
plaques
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prions

PrPSc
PrPc

4
Lysosome

Endosome
5

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.21

 Plant Viruses
Plant viruses
enter through
wounds or via
insects
Viroids
Viroids are
infectious
RNA; potato
spindle tuber
disease
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 13.22

Some Plant Viruses

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 13.6

Virus Families
Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
Parvoviridae
Human parvovirus
Fifth disease
Anemia in
immunocompromised
patients
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Mastadenovirus
Respiratory
infections in
humans
Tumors in animals

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Papillomavirus
(human wart virus)
Polyomavirus
Cause tumors,
some cause
cancer

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Orthopoxvirus
(vaccinia and
smallpox viruses)
Molluscipoxvirus
Smallpox,
molluscum
contagiosum,
cowpox

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)
Varicellavirus (HHV 3)
Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Roseolovirus (HHV 6)
HHV 7
Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8)
Some herpesviruses can
remain latent in host cells
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses

Hepadnavirus
(Hepatitis B virus)
Use reverse
transcriptase to
produce DNA from
mRNA

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Enterovirus
Enteroviruses
include poliovirus
and coxsackievirus
Rhinovirus
Hepatitis A virus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Hepatitis E virus
Norovirus (Norwalk
agent) causes
gastroenteritis

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Alphavirus
Alphaviruses are
transmitted by
arthropods;
include EEE, WEE
Rubivirus (rubella
virus)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Arboviruses can replicate

in arthropods; include
yellow fever, dengue, SLE,
and West Nile viruses
Hepatitis C virus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, + strand, nonenveloped

Coronavirus
Upper respiratory
infections

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand

Vesiculovirus
Lyssavirus (rabies
virus)
Cause numerous
animal diseases

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand

Filovirus
Enveloped,
helical viruses
Ebola and
Marburg viruses

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand

Paramyxovirus
Morbillivirus
Paramyxovirus
causes
parainfluenza,
mumps and
Newcastle disease

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, strand, one RNA strand

Hepatitis D virus
Depends on
coinfection with
Hepadnavirus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA,
strand, multiple RNA strands

Influenzavirus
(Influenza viruses A
and B)
Influenza C virus
Envelope spikes
can agglutinate
RBCs

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA,
strand, multiple RNA strands

Bunyavirus (CE virus)

Hantavirus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA,
strand, multiple RNA strands
Arenavirus
Helical capsids
contain RNAcontaining
granules
Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
VEE and Lassa
Fever
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Single-stranded RNA, two RNA strands,

produce DNA
Lentivirus (HIV)
Oncogenic viruses
Use reverse
transcriptase to
produce DNA from
viral genome
Includes all RNA
tumor viruses

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Double-stranded RNA, nonenveloped

Reovirus (Respiratory
Enteric Orphan)
Rotavirus
Mild respiratory
infections and
gastroenteritis
Colorado tick fever

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings