TRANSMISSION MEDIUM

Dept. of electronics and communication

Presented by:-

Content
Transmission media
Types of transmission media
Guided media
- Twisted pair cable
- Coaxial cable
- Fiber optic cable
Unguided media
- Radio wave
- Microwave
- Infrared

Transmission media
Transmission media are located
below the physical layer.
Signals are transmitted in the form of
electromagnetic energy.

Types of transmission
media

Guided media
The transmission capacity depend on
the medium , the length and
whether the medium is point to point
or multipoint.
for example:- local area network
(LAN).
For guided media the medium is
more important in determining the
limitation of transmission.

Guided media-twisted pair

cable
TWISTED-PAIR CABLE

Twisted-pair
One of the wires carries signal, the other
is used only as a ground reference.
The receiver uses the difference b/w the
two levels.
Twisting increases the probability that
both wires are effected by the noise in the
same manner, thus the difference at the
receiver remains same.
Therefore, number of twists per unit
length determines the quality of the cable

Types of twisted-pair
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
Shielded twisted pair (STP)

Unshielded twisted pair

(UTP)
Ordinary telephone
wire
Cheapest
Easiest to install
Suffers from external
EM interference

Shielded twisted pair (STP)

Metal braid or
Sheathing that
reduces interference
More expensive
Harder to handle
(thick and heavy)

Guided media-UTP
connector

Twisted Pair - Applications

Most common medium

Telephone network
Within buildings
For local area networks (LAN)

Guided Media - Coaxial

Cable

Coaxial cable
Inner conductor is a solid wire outer
conductor serves both as a shield
against noise and a second conductor
APPLICATION
Most versatile medium
Television distribution
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls
simultaneously

Guided Media - Coaxial

Cable
BNC CONNECTOR-(Bayonet-Neillconcealman)

Guided Media - Fiber-Optic

Cable
OPTIC FIBER CABLE

Optical Fiber - Transmission

Characteristics
uses total internal reflection to
transmit light
can use several different light
sources
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
cheaper, wider operating temp
range, lasts longer
Laser Diode
more efficient, has greater data
rate, narrow range.

Guided Media Fiber-Optic

Cable
Propagation mode

Guided Media Fiber-Optic

cable
Propagation modes

Guided Media Fiber-Optic

Cable
Fiber-optic cable connector

Applications of Fiber Optics

Backbone networks due to wide
bandwidth and cost effectiveness
Up to 1600 Gbps with WDM
Cable TV
LANS

Advantage of fiber optics

Higher bandwidth than twisted-pair
and coaxial cable; not limited by
medium, but by equipment used to
generate and receive signals.
Noise resistance
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to EMI
Lightweight
Greater security

Disadvantage of fiber optics

Installation and maintenance
Unidirectional light propagation
-for bidirectional communication two
fibers
are needed.
cost
- cable and interfaces are relatively more
expensive than other guided media

Unguided Media
Electromagnetic spectrum for
wireless communication

Wireless propagation
method
Ground radio waves travel through
lowest portion of atmosphere,
hugging the Earth.
Sky higher-frequency radio waves
radiate upward into ionosphere and
then reflect back to Earth.
Line-of-sight high-frequency signals
transmitted in straight lines directly
from antenna to antenna.

Unguided Media
Propagation method

Unguided media
Wireless transmission wave

Unguided media
It provided a means for transmitting
electromagnetic signal but do not
guided for example:-wireless
communication.
In other words we can say that for
unguided media the bandwidth of the
signal produced by the transmitting
antenna and the size of antenna is
more important than the medium.

Unguided media-radio wave

Omnidirectional
antenna

Frequencies between
3 KHz and 1KHZ

used for multicasts

communications,
such as radio and
television, and
paging system.

Radio wave
Frequency ranges: 3 KHz to 1 GHz
Omni directional
Susceptible to interference by other
antennas using same frequency or
band
Ideal for long-distance broadcasting
May penetrate walls
Apps: AM and FM radio, TV, maritime
radio, cordless phones, paging

Unguided Media
Microwaves
Frequency between 1 to 300 GHZ.
Used for unicast communication such as cellular
phones, satellite networks and wireless LANs.

Microwave
Frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz
Unidirectional
Narrow focus requires sending and
receiving antennas to be aligned
Issues:
Line-of-sight (curvature of the earth;
obstacles)
Cannot penetrate walls

Microwave application
Unicasting one-to-one
communication between sender and
receiver
Cellular phones
Satellite networks
Wireless LANs

Unguided media-Infrared
Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.
Can not penetrate walls.
Used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation

Infrared

modulate non-coherent infrared light

end line of sight (or reflection)
are blocked by walls
no licenses required
typical uses
TV remote control
IRD port

Infrared application
Wide bandwidth available for data
transmission.
Communication between keyboards,
mice, PCs, and printers.

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