Introduction

archaic mobile communication

optical transmission (smoke/light signals,..)

acoustic transmission (drums, alpine horns,...)

First steps & 1G

electronic
communications:
fixed networks
Morse code

1st telegraph line 1843

Washington - Baltimore

Telephony
P. Reis 1861
A.G. Bell 1876

Wireless transmission:

1873 Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves

1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof
1897 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission
1901 1st transatlantic transmission
1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech & audio transmission
1909 1st radio program
1917: 1st mobile transmission: BS - train

Fig. 1 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 3)

1st mobile services:

Car phone

Single Cell vs. Cellular

systems

since 1946
(St. Louis, USA)

radius
r

Single Cell Systems:

no Handover, small service area
poor service & speech quality
manual switching
cumbersome, bulky & expensive equipment
used until the 1980s

frequency Re-use

Quantum
Quantumleap
leapin
inmobile
mobilecommunication:
communication:
Single
Single Cell
Cell systems
systems
Cellular
Cellular system
system

Principle of cellular systems

2
7
6
Cluster

1
5

7
6

4
7
6

1G
Introduction

2
1
5

1
5
3
4

Advantage:
Advantage:
Capacity
Capacity
Roaming
Roaming
Handover
Handover

3
4
2
7
6

1
5

1980 - 2000:
Growth Rates
cellular networks
> 50%/year

frequencyYear of
country
system range [MHz] introduction
USA
AMPS
800
1979
Japan
NTT-MTS
800
1979
Scandinavia
NMT 450, 900
1981 - 86
Great Britain TACS
900
1985
Germany
C450
450
1985

Cellular System Block

Diagram
Mobile
Switching
Center
HLR/VLR
Databases

Data

MS

BS
Voice
Data

Voice
Processing Center
PSTN

BS

MS

1G limitations

capacity
quality
incompatibility

European mobile market;

early 1990th

Fig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 9)

Introduction 2G

PDC
IRIDIUM

GSM

D-AMPS

IS-95 CDMA
Fig. 5 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 11)

Advantages of digital data

transmission

Security:
Network
Networkcapacity
capacity
speech
speechcompression
compression
Ciphering
Supplementary
SupplementaryServices
Services
signalling
signalling
Costs
Costs
production,
production,operation
operation&&maintenance
maintenance
Miniaturisation
Miniaturisation
micro
microelectronics
electronics
Transmission
Quality

Easy
Transmission Quality Easyto
toregenerate
regenerate
Cipher
Security
easy
to
cipher
Security easy to cipher
Sequence
Signal
Quality

Digital Signal

Input data
(original text)

CIPHER
MODUL

Output data
(ciphered text)

Analogue
Signal

Transmission
Quality:
Easy to regenerate

Distance to BS

BS: Base Station

Fig. 6 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 13)

2G cellular systems

GSM:

PDC:
Personal Digital Cellular

since 1993/94
Japan only

Global System for

Mobile Communication

since 1992
world-wide:
165 countries
900, 1800 &
1900 MHz
subscriber: 550 M.

D-AMPS:
Digital AMPS

since 1991/92
USA, Kanada
800 & 1900 MHz

AMPS/D-AMPS
subscriber: 90 M.

800 & 1500 MHz

70 M. subscriber

IS-95:
Interim Standard-95

since 1995
welt-wide,
America & S. Korea
800 & 1900 MHz,
1700 MHz (Korea)

100 M. subscriber

GSM: Standard / Adaptations

1990-2002:
1990/91:
1982-1990:
1978:
CEPT
Frequency
Reservation

GSM Standardisation
by Group Special Mobile GSM /
ETSI (founded 1988)

GSM Phase 1
frozen
(GSM900/1800)

GSM rolls- up
world-wide market

GSM Adaptations:
GSM900

890-915 / 935-960 MHz

E-GSM

880-915 / 925-960 MHz

GSM1800
GSM1900
GSM-R

1710-1785 / 1805-1880
1850-1910 / 1930-1990 MHz
876-880 / 921-925 MHz

GSM450
GSM480
GSM850

450.4-457.6 / 460.4-467.6 MHz

478.8-486 / 488.8-496 MHz
824-849 / 869-894 MHz

Fig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 17)

GSM: Evolutionary Concept

Original concept:
closed standard
lifetime until 3G standardisation

Capabilities

Downward compatibility

Phase 2
Phase 1

Phase 1

1991

1995

Speech transmission: FR,

Wide range of
Basic Services
Supplementary Services
Data: max. 9,6 kbit/s
comparable to ISDN,
Decision of
downward compatibility

Phase 2+
Phase 2
Phase 1
1997

Year

Annual Releases:
96, 97, 98, 99,..
New Supplementary Services
IN Applications
new Data Services
(high data rates)

Mobile Satellite Systems

MSS
10.000
- 20.000 km
1G: INMARSAT

MEO
(Medium Earth Orbital)

700
- 1500 km

Erde
GEO
(GEOstationary
Orbital)

Service
Service of
of (in):
(in):

sparsely
sparselypopulated
populatedareas
areas
areas
areaswith
withpoor
poorinfrastructure
infrastructure
at
sea
at sea
catastrophe
catastropheareas
areas
areas
without
areas withoutother
othersupply
supply

LEO
(Low Earth
Orbital)

36.000 km
2G: IRIDIUM, ICO,
Globalstar, INMARSAT,
ORBCOMM,..
Fig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 21)

Mobile Trends

Trend:
Voice Data

worldwide, seamless access

terrestrial & MSS
component
Compatibility: IMT-2000
family
downwards-compatible
with 2G
Fixed Mobile Convergence
FMC
high data rates
Multi Media applications
CS & PS
low price & flexible access
for
developing countries!

Fig. 14 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 29)

Demands on 3G Mobile Communication

3G Services & required data

rates
Video conferences
video telephony

Services

Tele-Shopping
Electronic newspapers
Images / Sound files
Tele-Banking
Financial services

UMTS offers
flexible & dynamic
data rates:

8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s

Data base access

Information services
E-mail
Voice
10

100

Data rate [kbit/s]

1000

10.000

Fig. 15 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 31)

IMT-2000 Development:
ETSI
(Europe)

ARIB, TTC
(Japan)

TTA
(South Korea)

TIA, T1
(USA)

CATT
(China)

ESA, Iridium
(MSS)

ICO, Inmarsat
(MSS)
ESA: European Space Agency
TTA: Telecommunications Technology Association
CATT: China Academy of Telecommunication Technology
ARIB: Association of Radio Industries and Business

1985: Start ITU studies on FPLMTS (IWP8/13)

1992: Frequency reservation in WARC`92
1990 - 95: TG 8/1 defines FPLMTS requirements

ITU-Deadline
RTT Proposals:
30.06.98

RTT proposals for

IMT2000

South Korea

Europe

TTA: CDMA II
CDMA I
SAT-CDMA

ETSI:
UTRA
DECT

China
CATT: TD-SCDMA

Japan

USA
TIA: UWC-136
WIMS W-CDMA
cdma2000
T1: NA: W-CDMA
T1, TIA: WP-CDMA

ARIB: W-CDMA

MSS
ICO:

ICO RTT

Inmarsat: Horizons
ESA:

SW-CDMA
SW-CTDMA

Iridium: INX
RTT: Radio Transmission Technology

Source: ITU
Fig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 The Third Generation (3G), 9)

3G standardization
Standardization
organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established
organizations
WCDMA
3GPP
FDD/TDD mode

CDMA2000

3G system

3GPP2

UMTS Standardization
ETSI
European Telecommunication
Standards Institute

TTA

ARIB/TTC

Association of Radio Industries

& Business / Telecommunication
Technology Committee, Japan

Telecommunications Technology
Association, South Korea

TSACC

GSA

Telecommunication
Standards Advisory Council
of Canada

Global Mobile Supplier

Association

3GPP

TIA

UMTS
Forum

3rd Generation
Partnership Project

Telecommunication
Industry Association,
USA

UWCC

ACIF

WMF

Australian Communications
Industry Forum

Universal Wireless
Communications
Consortium

Wireless Multimedia
Forum

CWTS

China Wireless
Telecommunications
Standards

3G.IP
Forum

ANSI T1
Committee T1
Telecommunications

IPv6
Forum

MWIF
Mobile Wireless
Internet Forum

GSM
Association
Organisational Partner
MPR: Market
Representation
Partner
Observership status

Fig. 12 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 The Third Generation (3G), 25)

UMTS Licensing
Licensing methods / conditions

Licensing in:

Finland 03/99
Spain, GB: 1Q2000
NL, D, F, I: 3Q2000
EU15: closed until
end of 2000
Japan: 1Q2001

UMTS
TDD
1900

1920

UMTS FDD (UL)

free of charge / beauty contest

(e.g. Finland, Spain)
Auctioning: e.g. GB, D, NL, I
annual fee: e.g. France
available (mostly) for 15 years

Licenses
Licenses (EU15):
(EU15):

22xx60
60MHz
MHzpaired
pairedband
band(FDD)
(FDD)
35
MHz
unpaired
(TDD)
35 MHz unpaired (TDD)
bandwidth:
bandwidth:55MHz
MHz

12
12FDD
FDDpackets
packets++77TDD
TDDpackets
packets
UMTS
Forum
SAG
requests
per
UMTS Forum SAG requests peroperator:
operator:
min.
2
x
15
MHz
FDD
+
1
x
5
MHz
min. 2 x 15 MHz FDD + 1 x 5 MHzTDD
TDD
EU15:
4
6
Licenses
EU15: 4 - 6 Licenses
(e.g.:
(e.g.:F,F,Fin.,
Fin.,Spain:
Spain:4;
4;GB,
GB,NL:
NL:5;
5;D:
D:6)
6)
UMTS
TDD
19802010 2025

UMTS FDD (DL)

2110

frequency range [MHz]

2170

Function of UT
Radio transmission termination.
Radio channel management.
Speech encoding / decoding.
Flow control of data.
Mobility management.
Call control.
Performance measurement of radio
link.

UT is uniquely identified by the IMEI

TAC

FAC

(6
digits)

(2
digits)

SNR

SVN

(6 digits) (2 digits)

Final Assembly Codes (FAC)

01 ,02 AEG

TAC: Type Approval Code

07 ,40 Motorola

Places that is centrally assigned

by a GSM body.

10 ,20

SNR: Serial Number

47 Optional International

Unique serial number assigned

by the manufacturer

51 Sony

SVN: Software version

Number

51 Ericsson

Refer to the version of software

Nokia

40,41,44, Siemens

51 Siemens
60 Alcatel

USIM
Stores user addresses
IMSI,MSISDN,TIMSI, rooming, etc
authentication and encryption
features
subscribers secret authentication key
(Ki)

Security Algorithm & Keys (for

Personalization
Authentication, Ciphering,..)
SIM stores user profile (subscribed
services)
RAM available for SMS, short numbers,
users directory, etc
Protection codes PIN ,PUK

Function of Node B:
Ciphering using the ciphering
key.
processing (channel coding and
interleaving, rate adaptation,
spreading, etc.)
softer handover execution.
Records and passes to the RNC
the Signal strength
measurements.
Mapping of Transport channels
into physical channels

controlling and managing the multiple base stations (Node Bs).

manage soft handoff and the utilization of radio network services
Paging
Allocation of downlink Channelization codes.
Locating the MS

Function of MSC
Switching and call routing to or
from MS.
Charging.
Service provisioning.
Control of connected BSCs.
Access to PSTN.
Provides the gateway functionality
to other networks.
One MSC controls more than one
BSC.

Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)

Its function is to connect the PLMN to the PSTN or to the other PLMN
existing in the country.

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and

manages all mobile subscriptions.
Permanent information
IMSI, MSISDN

Services subscribed
Service restrictions (e.g. roaming
restrictions)
Parameters for additional services
info about user equipment (IMEI)
Authentication data

Temporary information

Link to current location of the user:

Current VLR address (if avail)

Current MSC address (if avail)
MSRN (if user outside PLMN)

MSC/VLR

Function of (SGSN)
forwards incoming and
outgoing IP packets addressed
to/from a mobile station that is
attached within the SGSN
service area.
provides packet routing and
transfer to and from the SGSN
service area.
Ciphering and authentication
Session management
Mobility management
Logical link management
toward the MS
Output of billing data
Nokia SGSN

Function of (GGSN)
The interface towards the
external IP packet
networks.
acts as a router
exchanges routing
information with the
external network.
GPRS session
management,
communication setup
toward external network.
Output of billing data.

RNC

Node
B

RA
N

UMTS Architecture & UMTS

WCDMA R4
Network Architecture
Releases.
IP/ATM Backbone
MGW

MGW

MSC Server

PSTN
ISDN

GMSC Server

HLR/AUC
RNC
NodeB

SCE

SS7

SMS
UTRAN

SCP
Internet,
Intranet

GPRS backbone

SGSN

RAN

GGSN

CN

UMTS Architecture & UMTS

Releases.
MSC Server (Soft Switch)
Call control and routing for
mobile-originated and mobileterminated calls;
Mobility management
integrates with (VLR) which
holds location information;
Providing authentication
functions;
terminates signaling

UMTS Architecture & UMTS Releases.

Media Gateway:
This translates media traffic
between different types of
network.
Termination of bearer
channels;
MSC server is able to
support several MWGs;

Difference between R99 and R4

CS domain evolution
SCP

HLR

SCP

HLR

MAP Over TDM

MSC

TUP/ISUP
TDM

MSC

MAP Over TDM/IP

MSC Server

ATM/IP/TDM

MSC Server

ATM/IP

MGW

RAN

RAN

RAN

R99
Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged

RAN

ATM/IP

RAN

MGW

RAN

R4

UMTS Architecture & UMTS

Releases.
WCDMA R5
Network Architecture
CS domain

IP/ATM Backbone
MGW

MSC Server
RNC

PSTN/PLMN

MGW

GMSC Server
HLR/AUC/HSS

Iu-CS

NodeB

SCE

SS7

UTRAN

SMS

SCP

Iu-PS
SGSN

PS
domain

Internet,
Intranet

GPRS
backbone

GGSN
MGW

MGCF

IP backbone

RAN

CN

P-CSCF
MRFC
MRFP

IMS domain

S-CSCF

UTRAN Interfaces
Core Network
Iu

Iu

RNS

RNS
Iur

RNC
Iub
Node B

All these interfaces

are open interfaces

RNC

Iub

Iub

Node B

Node B

RAN Architecture& Interfaces

Iub
Node B

ATM Overview

STM : Synchronization Transfer Mode

As TDM (Time Divisions Multiplexing )
Frame 1

Frame 2

125 usec.
Synchronies
Best for real time application (QOS >>>)
Not suitable for data (data traffic is burst)

Frame 3

Packet switches

PTM : Packet Transfer Mode

A

PKT is variable length and asynchronous

Suitable for data
Bad QOS for real-time application

Why do we need a new technology?

To provide a

high-speed, low delay

multiplexing and switching network to

any

type of user traffic, such as voice,

data,or video applications.

ATM Overview
ATM : Asynchronization Transfer Mode
Developed to carry multimedia real-time application (video spech) and non real-time application (data)
Based on packet switching but packet are at fixed length (cell)

Cell
Less time variation with packet switches but not as TDM
to be able to integrate real and non- real application

ATM overview
Cell size is a compromise Small size selected to minimize
packet delay for voice transmission
Cell size is a compromise Larger cell size would be

more efficient for data Per packet processing

Header overhead

Header
Header
Bytes 5

Data
Data
Bytes 48

ATM Overview

ATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit

) network

Permanent virtual (PVC) -- connection and paths through the network are
established when network is established

VCthe
#9network
Switched virtual circuit (SVC)--connection and paths through
are established on an as-needed basis
VP18

Phisical conniction

ATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit

VC #6
) network
VP1

VC #12
VC #13
VC #15
VC #16

Virtual channel (VC): Setup end to end virtual path VP

Virtual Path (VP): is bundle of VCs sharing part off path

ATM Cell

Features of ATM
Voice
Data
Cells

Video

Connection oriented
Fast packet switching
Statistical multiplexer
Supports voice, data and video
service
Provides QoS

ATM Sublayer Model

ATM Protocol Stack Model
User
CS
Interfa
ce
manag
ement

SAR

AAL

ATM

OSI Reference Model

7 Application
6 Presentation
5

Session

Transport

Network

Data link

Physical

TC

PHY
PMD

Function of ATM Physical Layer

AAL

Two sublayers:

Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC)

ATM

PHY

transmission frame generation/recovery

Processing HEC
cell delimiting
transmission frame adaptation

Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer (PMD)

Link coding
Network physical medium

Function of ATM Layer

AAL
ATM

Cell switch

Quality of Service

Processing the cell header

Types of payload

Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of different

connection cell

PHY

Function of AAL layer

AAL
ATM

The AAL is subdivided into two sublayers:

the convergence sublayer (CS)

the segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sublayer.

The CS performs the convergence functions required

to map both connection-oriented and connectionless
bit streams from higher layers onto the SAR and ATM
layers.

The function of the SAR sublayer is to deliver 48octet packets from the higher layers to the ATM layer.
SAR also reassembles the information flow that is sent

PHY

through the network.

Different AAL layer for different service.

Types of AAL
Service type
Bit rate

constantvariablevariablevariable

Real time
Connection mode
AAL

YES

YES

NO

Connection oriented
AAL1

AAL2

AAL3/4

NO
connectionless

AAL5

In order to support different types of user services, there are five types of AAL.
In WCDMA RAN, voice is transferred over AAL2 and other signal are transferred
over AAL5.

Service Types of ATM layer

CBR (Constant bit rate)
VBR-RT (Variable bit ratereal time)
VBR-NRT (VBR-non real
time)
UBR (Unspecified bit rate)
ABR (Available bit rate)

ATM traffic classes

ATM traffic parameters

IPOA Protocal Stack

User application

User application

TCP/UDP

TCP/UDP

IP

IP

AAL
ATM

IP packet is
transferred to ATM
Payload
IP address is mapped to
PVC or SVC

AAL
ATM

ATM network Physical layer

UTRAN Protocol Stacks

Control Plane
NBAP

NBAP

RNSAP RANAP

RANAP

SCCP

SCCP

MTP3-B

MTP3-B

Service Specific Layers

Service Specific Layers

Service Specific Layers

AAL5

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM

ATM

PHY

PHY

PHY

RNC

Core Network (CS Domain)

Node B
NBAP

RNSAP RANAP

RANAP

SCCP

SCCP

MTP3-B

MTP3-B

Service Specific Layers

Service Specific Layers

AAL5

AAL5

ATM

ATM

PHY

PHY

RNC

Core Network (PS Domain)

UTRAN Protocol Stacks

User Plane
Data Streams Iub

Data
Data
Data
StreamsStreamsStreams
Iub, Iur Iu CS
Iu PS

Data Streams Iu CS

GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL2

AAL2

AAL5

AAL2

ATM

ATM

ATM

PHY

PHY

PHY

RNC

Core Network (CS Domain)

Data
Streams
Iur

Data Streams Iu PS

Node B

GTP-U
UDP
IP
AAL2

AAL5

ATM

ATM

PHY

PHY

RNC

Core Network (PS Domain)

UTRAN Protocol Stacks

General Model of UTRAN Interfaces
Radio
Network
Layer

Control Plane

User Plane

Application
Protocol

Transport Network
User Plane

Data
Stream(s)

Transport Network Transport Network

Control Plane
User Plane
ALCAP(s)

Transport
Network
Layer

Signaling
Bearer(s)

Signaling
Bearer(s)

Physical Layer

Data
Bearer(s)

CDMA Principle

Duplex Transmission & Multiple

Access

Duplex Transmission

Multiple Access

Multiple-access for Digital Communication

Systems
The frequency spectrum must be shared by all the
users in the system.
Three method for sharing spectrum:
FDMA
Frequency-division multiple-access.

TDMA
Time-division multiple-access.

CDMA
Code-division multiple-access.

Most modern systems use combinations:

TDMA/FDMA
CDMA/FDMA

Multiple-Access
Code

Three ways to
separate signals.
Frequency
Time
Code

Frequency
e
m
Ti

FDMA

Frequency-division multiple-access.
Each user is assigned one frequency

Channel 1

30 kHz

guard
band

frequency

FDMA

Code

Ti
m
e

Frequency

FrequencyDivision
MultipleAccess
Examples:
AMPS

TDMA

Time-division multiple-access
All users transmit at same frequency.
Each user transmits at a different time.
User 1
20 msec
time slot

User 1
time

User 2
guard
time

User 2
User 3

User 3

TDMA

Code

Ti
m
e

Frequency

Time-Division
MultipleAccess
Examples:
USDC/IS-136

CDMA

Code

Ti
m
e

Frequency

Code-Division
MultipleAccess
Examples:
IS-95
Bluetooth

CDMA

Perfect orthogonally
C1 * C2 = 0
(C1D1 +
C2D2 +
C3D3)

C1 * C3 = 0
C1 * C1 = 1
C2 * C3 = 0

CDMA is self interference because not

perfect orthogonally
So must be use spreading to minimize
power per user

C2 * C2 = 1
C3 * C3 = 1

Spread Spectrum

bandwidth of the signal (Bw) is inversely proportional

to the signal power
Sf

Sf

information
information

f0
The spectrum before spreading

f0
The spectrum after spreading

DSSS Spreading: Frequency-Domain View

The improvement of

Sf

Sf

time-domain

information

information

information rate
means that the

f0

f0

The spectrum before spreading

The spectrum after spreading

bandwidth of
spectrum-domain
information is

Sf

Sf

information
information

spread.

Interference noise

f0

The spectrum before despreading

information

pulse interference

Interference noise

f0

The spectrum after despreading

White noise

The Y-coordinate is energy density.

Types
of
Spread
Spectrum
Direct
Sequence

DS-CDMA
Narrow Band
Signal Spreading
Code 1
A

Wide Band
Signal
(Multiple Signal)

Despreading

(Receiver A)

Code 1
A

C
B
A

User-A
Code 2
B

User-A
(Receiver B)

Code 2
B

De-spreading
Code

User-B
Code 3

Narrow Band
Signal

(Receiver C)

User-B
Code 3

User-C

User-C

key Feature

Effects on Radio
Communication

Effects on Radio
Communication

Effects on Radio
Communication

Effects on Radio
Communication

2. Rayleigh Fading (Multi-path Fading):

The difference in paths leads to a difference in paths of the received

components.

Effects on Radio
To overcome
multipath fading we use :
Communication
- Microscopic diversity and combining techniques
- Frequency hopping
- Interleaving technique
- adaptive power control

Effects on Radio
Communication

-Microscopic diversity techniques :

1-Time diversity technique

2-Frequency diversity technique

Effects on Radio
Communication
3-Space diversity
technique

Rake Receiver

C B

Rake

Rake receiver
Finger Circuit
RX

Combiner

Finger Circuit

Combined
Signal

Finger Circuit
Calculation

Searcher
Electric
Power

Electric Power

Multiple Signal 1
Multiple Signal 2
Multiple Signal 3
Delay Time

Delay Profile

Output
Power

Delay Time

Hard Handover
P1 > P2

P1 = P2

P2 > P1

P1

P2

Cell #1

Cell #2

Break before make

Soft Handover
P1 > P2

P1 = P2

P2 > P1

P1

P2

Cell #1

Cell #2

Make before Break

Soft Handover
Node B

Node B

Iub
Node B

Iub

Combining /
Splitting

RNC Active
Iu

CN

Iub

Set

Active Set:
max. 3 Cells

Soft Handover
S-RNC: Serving RNC
D-RNC: Drift RNC
RR: Radio Resource

Inter-RNC HoV
Node B

Iub
Node B

Node B

Iub

Combining /
Splitting

RNC Active
Iu

CN

RNC

Iub

Iur

Set

S-RNC: Combining/Splitting + RR allocation

D-RNC: only RR allocation
change D-RNC S-RNC possible

Fig. 11 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 23)

Softer Handover
Sector cells

Node B

MRC maximum radio

combination

RNC

Fig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 21)

Handove
r
UE

Measurement:
Connection quality & strength
+ strength of own & surrounding BTS

Measurement:
Connection quality & strength

Measurement Report

BTS
Pre-processing of measurements
Measurement
Report

HOV
Decision

UMTS Handover
decision similar GSM
initiated by RNC
performed by UE

RNC

Activation of new Node B

Active Set Update

Fig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UTRA Aspects, 17)

Soft Handover

Measureme
nt Quality

Cell A

Cell A &
Cell B

Cell B

Cell
A
Cel
B

Active
set
threshol
d
Monitoring
set
threshold

Cell
C

UE Monitor Neighbors cells which define by network

at power increase of one cell to active set report to Node B

Time

Maximum Radio
*
2*
1 * C2
D
D1 * C
Combination
MRC
SC2
SC3
2*
D1 * C
SC1

Cell B

Cell C
To decode the
data at UE use
Rake receiver

Cell A

RNC

Rake receiver
Finger Circuit
RX

SC
A

OVSF

Combiner

Finger
Circuit
SC
OVSF

Combined
Signal

Finger Circuit
SC C

OVSF

Calculation

Searcher
Electric
Power

Electric Power

Multiple Signal 1
Multiple Signal 2
Multiple Signal 3
Delay Time

Delay Profile

Output
Power

Delay Time

WCDMA

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

OVSF
Rc length = 6
bit
Rb length = 1
bit
Code length=6
bit
SF = 6
Rc length = 6
bit
Rb length = 2
bit
Code length=3
bit

Note that : at variable Rb we need variable

code length to achieve same Rc

SF = 3

SF = 1

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

OVSF
SF = 2

SF = 4

SF = 256
CC256,0
CC256,1
CC256,2

CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)

CC2,0 = (1,1)
CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

CC1,0 = (1)

CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

CC256,254
CC256,255

Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes

CCn,m generation:
from columns in CCn

CC1 = (1)

At dawn link : Minimum SF=4

CCn/2
CC2 = 1
CCn =
1
CCn/2
1
CCn/2
-1
and Maximum SF=256
-CC Note :

At up link : Minimum SF=8 and Maximum SF=512

n/2

Code length= # of
code
Code length=SF

Orthogonal Data
Channelization

Transmitter
Data Channel 1

Data Channel 2

OC 1

OC 2
Receiver

Data Channel 3

Data Channel 4

OC 3

OC 4

Linear
Addition

RF
Modulation

RF
Demod

OC 3

Spreading process in
Downlink (NodeB to UE )
WCDMA

Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).

Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).
Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B
Channelization
Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 3
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1
Channelization
Code 1
Channelization
Code 2

Channelization
Code 2

Scrambling Code C

Downlink scramble code generation

Gold Sequences
18

(2 - 1)PN Code

18

(2 - 1)PN Code

Select 512 code only

Length of each code 38400 chip

Spreading process in
Up Link (UE to NodeB )
WCDMA
Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.
Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Channelization
Code 2
Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code A
Channelization
Code 1

Scrambling Code B

Channelization
Code 1
Scrambling Code C

Up link scramble code

generation
Gold Sequences
25

(2 - 1)PN Code

25

(2 - 1)PN Code

Select 8192 code only

Length of each code 38400 chip

Spreading process in
WCDMA
3,840 Kcps

Coding
&
Interleaving

Channelization Scrambling
Code
Code
1st Step: Channelization
Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)

2nd Step: Scrambling Code

Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

UTRA time structure

shortest information unit in CDMA

Chip

1/3.840.000 s 260.4 ns

Time Slot
TS

2560 chips

TDD: TS contains 1 Burst

FDD: cyclic repetition of
control information (e.g. TPC)

2/3 ms

Frame f

TS#0 TS#i TS#14

10 ms

Superframe

f#1 f#i

f#72

720 ms

TDD: TDMA frame

FDD: shortest transmission duration
TDD & FDD: shortest pattern
data rate adaptation
TDD & FDD: Counting period for
Def. Physical channels
Handover to GSM

(GSM TCH Multiframe = 120 ms)

UTRA
Key Parameters
bandwidth B = 5 MHz
chiprate Rc = 3,84 Mchip/s
SF = Rc / RS = 1 - 16 (TDD)
4 - 256/512 (FDD)
Spreading Code =
Channelisation Code x Scrambling Code

1 TS = 2/3 ms = 2560 chip

1 frame = 10 ms
1 Superframe = 72 frames
TDD: bursty structure (TS)
FDD: continuous transmission ( 10 ms)

Fig. 21 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 43)

Cellular CDMA Transmitter

Pre-coded
data
(bits)

Symbols

Chips

Orthogon
al Code 1
Data
Channel
1

CRC
CRC
Coding
Coding

FEC
FEC
Coding
Coding

InterInterleaving
leaving

D/A
D/A

Orthogon
al Code N
Data
Channel
N

Allows for
error
detection in
the receiver

CRC
CRC
Coding
Coding

FEC
FEC
Coding
Coding

Allows for
error
correctio
n in the
receiver

InterInterleaving
leaving

Improves
error
correction
in the
receiver

Spread Spectrum
Code
(PN Code or Gold
SSC_ICode)SSC_Q

Linear
Linear
Summatio
Summatio
n
n

Complex
Complex
Multiplie
Multiplie
r
r
(I + jQ)
(I + jQ) Q

1:2
1:2
Demux
Demux

Pulse
Pulse
Shaping
Shaping
Filter
Filter

Pulse
Pulse
Q
Shaping
Shaping
Filter
Filter

I/Q
I/Q
Modulato
Modulato
r
r

RF
Ou
t

D/A
D/A

Maps
digital bits
to analog
signals
0 +1
1 -1

Gives a
unique
identity to
each data
stream

Provides
2x higher
data rate
(WCDMA,
cdma2000
downlink)

Gives a unique
identity to
this
transmitter

Contains
transmitte
d
frequency
spectrum

Allows both
signals from 1:2
Demux to share
the same RF
bandwidth

ACELP/AMR Voice Coding

A/D
Linear
Predictive
Coding
(LPC)

Voice, Tone
Activity
Detectors

Speech
Generator

Codebook
Index

Error
Analysis

Benefits of Activity Detection:

1)
2)

Filter

Perceptual
Weighting

(-)

Mode Indication bits

Comfort Noise
Tone Emulation
DTX Indication

Prediction
Error

MUX

Codebook

(+)

Vocoder
Output Bits

CRC Coding
Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC) Coding
Identifies corrupted data
If there is an error, the receiver can request that data be re-sent
For voice data errors, the vocoder discards any bad data
Transmitter

Original Data
100101101010

CRC
Generator

Original Data
100101101010

Checksum
011010

RF
Transmission Path
Receiver

Received Data
100101001010

Received Checksum
011010

CRC
Generator

If Checksums do not match,

there is an error

Re-Generated Checksum
011011

FEC Coding
Error Correction
Send
Forward
How do
you correct errors
at the
message
Error
many times?
Correction!
receiver?
010010110,
010010110,
010010110,
010010110,
010010110,

Up to 6x data expansion...
But the most powerful results

FEC
Coding
FEC Coding approaches
Block Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)
Data is processed into unique Codewords
Each Codeword can be positively identified even if one or more bits are
corrupted
Example: New York City is a codeword for NYC

Continuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)

Data is processed continuously through FEC generator
Resulting data stream has built-in redundancy that can be extracted to correct
bit errors.

IS-95, cdma2000, and WCDMA utilize Convolutional Codes low-rate

data
Powerful error correction
Simple implementation allows low-latency, real-time processing

cdma2000 and WCDMA utilize Turbo Codes for high rate data
Most powerful error correction
More processing power (MIPS) required for decoding

FEC Coding: The Convolutional

Coder
Convolutional Coding
Transmitter

Original Data
00011011...

FEC
Generator

FEC Encoded data

1010011100110110...

RF
Transmission Path
Receiver

Viterbi
Decoder

Original Data
00011011

FEC Coding: Convolutional

Coder
Convolutional Coding: Example
X2k

clock

Input Data 1010...

MUX
D

X2k+1

R = 1/2 , k=2 Convolutional Coder

For every input bit, there are two output bits
The maximum time delay is 2 clock cycles

Coder Output

Block Interleaving
Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix

Original Data Samples

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Interleaved Data Samples

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Amplitude

RF
Transmission Path

Receiver

Interleaved Data Samples

DeInterleaving
Matrix

Errors Clustered

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Time
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

De-Interleaved Data Samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Errors Distributed

To Viterbi
decoder

Turbo Coding
Turbo Codes
Outperform Convolutional codes

Data

Requires much more processing power; data

Turbo Encoder
Turbo Decoder
packets
may be decoded off-line
Decoded
D
D
Data
Used for high-bit rate data and packet
data
Decoder #1

Interleaver

Encoder #2

P2

DEMUX

Interleaver

De-Interleaver

Encoder #1

P1

MUX

Interleaver

Interleaving (time diversity)P1 enhances

error correction
D
Decoder #2

P2

I/Q Modulation
I/Q (In-phase/Quadrature)
Modulation: Definition
Data Stream #1 I

Two data streams are multiplied by a

common carrier frequency, but at Iphase
sin (2 f t)
90
offsets of 0 degrees
(cosine)and
90
+ Q cos (2 f t)
SUM
degrees
(sine)
cos ( 2 f t)

+1
-1

RF

RF

RF

Data Stream #2 Q
+1
-1

I/Q Modulation
Graphical representation of an I/Q
modulated signal
Q

( I = -1, Q = 1 )

( I = 1, Q = 1 )
RF Carrier amplitude
RF Carrier phase angle

( I = -1, Q = -1 )

( I = 1, Q = -1 )

1 Modulation Symbol represents 2 data bits

Modulation efficiency = 2 bits/symbol

I/Q Modulation
By multiplying by the sin and cosine
at the receiver, the original I and Q
data streams are recovered
Data Stream #1 I

LPF

+1
-1

I sin (2 fRF t)
+ Q cos (2 fRF t)

SUM

90o

cos (2 fRF
t)
Data Stream #2 Q
LPF

+1
-1

The WCDMA Transmitter

Spread Spectrum
Code
(Gold Code)

BS code (DL)
or
UE code (UL)

Data
Channel
Code

Data
011010
1.

Error
Detection

OVSF Code
Generator
Add
CRC
Bits

Add
FEC
Bits

Error
Correction

Scrambling
Code

Channelization
Code

Interleaver

Fading
Resistance

Complex
Spreading
(DL)
S/P

Orthogonal
Coding

HPSK
Spreading
(UL)

SSMA
Spreading,
PAPR
Reduction

FIR
Filter
I/Q
Mod.

RF
Out

FIR
Filter

Spectral
Containment

RF
Modulation

Generic Frame Structure

UE Protocol Layers
Control Plane

User Plane

Network layer protocol:

Management functions: MM, CC
Ipv4, Ipv6, ...

AMR

Non access
stratum

Layer 3
RRC (Radio Resource Control)

PDCP

Layer 2

RLC (Radio Link Control)

MAC (Medium Access Control)

Layer 1

PHY (PHYsical)

BMC

Access
stratum

UTRAN Model

UTRAN OSI Model

CTRL
L3

USER
DATA
RRC

USER
DATA

CTRL
RRC

Signaling
Radio Bearer

L3

Radio Bearer
L2
L2

RLC

RLC
MAC

Logical channels

- grouped by information content

- User Data
- Control and signaling

Transport channels

RLC

RLC

L2

MAC

L2

PHY

L1

- grouped by method of transport

L1

PHY
Physical channels

UE

Physical Channels Distinguished by:

- RF Frequency
- Channelization Code
- Spreading Code
- Modulation (I/Q) Phase (uplink)
- Timeslot (TDD mode)

UTRAN

Logical, Transport & Physical Channels

Logical
Logical&&Transport
Transport
Channels:
TS
Channels: TS25.301
25.301
Transport
&
Physical
Transport & PhysicalChannels:
Channels:
TS
25.211
&
25.221
TS 25.211 & 25.221

RNC

Iub

Node
B

Uu

Logical Channel type of information transferred

Transport Channel how & with what characteristics
data are transferred
Physical Channel
frequency, code (& TS)

UE

Logical Channels
Defined for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC. Each
logical channel type is defined by what type of information is transferred.

classification of into two groups:

Control channel

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Node B broadcasts some general cell information such
as:
1. Location Area Identity (LAI),
2. The identity of BCCH codes for neighboring cells
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Node B Transmits a paging message to indicate an incoming
call or short message. The paging message contains the
identity number of the mobile subscriber that the network
wishes to contact.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Bidirectional channel for transmitting control information
between network and UEs at idle mode and by the UEs
using common transport channels when accessing a new
cell after cell reselection.

Control channel
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Bidirectional channel that transmits dedicated control
information between a UE and the network. This channel is
established through RRC connection
setup procedure , measurements and handover etc.

Traffic Channels
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Use for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in
both uplink and downlink.

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

A pointtomultipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of
dedicated user information for all or a group of specified
UEs.

Transport Channels

Between the physical layer and MAC Layer to described by

how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the
radio interface. An adequate term for this is Transport
Channel.

WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels

Common Downlink Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

- Broadcasts cell site information
- Broadcasts cell SFN; Timing reference for all DL channels
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
- Transmits idle-mode signaling and control information to UEs
SCH Synchronization Channel
- Fast Synch. codes 1 and 2; time-multiplexed with P-CCPCH
P-CPICH / S-CPICH (Primary /Secondary Common Pilot Channel)
Helps with channel estimation and shows the attractiveness of
the cell (S-CPICH for sectored cells)
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
- Transmits high-speed data to multiple users

WCDMA
Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Physical Channels

Dedicated

DPDCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Data Channel

Transmits data information dedicated to a single user
DPCCH Dedicated Downlink Physical Control Channel
Transmits control dedicated to a single user

WCDMA
Downlink
Physical
Channels
Downlink Indication Channels
AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Random Access
attempt
(Echoes the UEs Random Access signature)
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame
PICH (Paging Indicator Channel)
Informs a UE to monitor the next paging frame
AP-AICH (Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel)
Acknowledges that BS has acquired a UE Packet Access
attempt
(Echoes the UEs Packet Access signature)

WCDMA Downlink Physical Channels

CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator
Channel)
Confirms that there is no ambiguity between UE in a Packet
Access attempt
Echoes the UEs Packet Access Collision Detection signature
Optionally provides available Packet channel assignments
CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel)
Broadcasts status information regarding packet channel
availability

WCDMA Downlink (FDD)

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel

Null Data
BCCH
Broadcast Control Ch.
PCCH
Paging Control Ch.
CCCH
Common Control Ch.
CTCH
Common Traffic Ch.

BCH
Broadcast Ch.

Data
Encoding

PCH
Paging Ch.

S/P

P-CCPCH(*)
Primary Common Control Physical Ch.

Cch 256,0

Gain

Cch 256,1

Gain

PSC

S/P

FACH
Forward Access Ch.

Data
Encoding

Cch

SCH (Sync Channel)

GS

Gain

DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel)

CCTrCH
One per UE

Data
Encoding

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

Cell-specific
Scrambling
Code
DPDCH (one or more per UE)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

M
U
X

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

S/P
Cch

Gain

Data
Encoding
Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DSCH
Downlink Shared Ch.

SSCi
S-CCPCH
S/P
Secondary Common Control Physical Ch.

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

GP

Data
Encoding

DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

Sync Codes(*)

Data
Encoding

Access Indication data

Paging Indication bits
Access Preamble Indication bits
CPCH Status Indication bits
CPCH Status Indication bits

I+jQ

Downlink
RF Out

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Modulator

DPCCH (one per UE)

Dedicated Physical Control Ch.
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel

S/P

AICH
(Acquisition Indicator Channel)

S/P

PICH
(Paging Indicator Channel )

S/P

AP-AICH
(Access Preamble Indicator Channel )
CSICH
(CPCH Status Indicator Channel )

S/P
S/P

CD/CA-ICH
S/P
(Collision Detection/Channel Assignment )

* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Cch

Gain

Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;

P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslo

Common Pilot Channel

Downlink CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)

1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

If transmit diversity is used, then the pilot symbols are as shown for each antenna:

Sync Channel /
Primary Common Control Channel

Downlink SCH / P-CCPCH

BCH Spreading Factor = 256

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 BCH data bits / slot

SCH

BCH

256 Chips

2304 Chips

PSC

Broadcast Data (18 bits)

SSCi

10

11

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

12

13

14

Secondary Common Control

Downlink S-CCPCH Channel
Spreading Factor = 256 to 4
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]

0, 2, or 8 bits

TFCI or DTX

0, 8, or 16 bits

20 to 1256 bits

Data

Pilot

10

11

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

12

13

14

Paging Indication Channel

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Spread with SF=256 Channelization code

Each UE looks for a particular paging indicator, PI
A paging indicator set to 1 indicates that the UE should read the S-CCPCH of the corresponding frame.

288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1

12 bits (undefined)
b287 b288

One radio frame (10 ms)

b299

Dedicated Control/Data
Channel

Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]

SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]
DPDCH

DPCCH

Data 1

TPC

DPDCH

TFCI

DPCCH

Data 2

10

11

Pilot

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

The
TheDPDCH
DPDCHcarries
carriesuser
usertraffic,
traffic,layer
layer22overhead
overheadbits,
bits,and
andlayer
layer33signaling
signalingdata.
data.
The
TheDPCCH
DPCCHcarries
carrieslayer
layer11control
controlbits:
bits:Pilot,
Pilot,TPC,
TPC,and
andTFCI
TFCI
Downlink
Closed-Loop
Power
Control
steps
of
1
dB,
0.5
Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control steps of 1 dB, 0.5dB
dB

TFCI Bits

TFCI (Transport Format Combination Indicator)

Used when multiple services are multiplexed onto
one DPDCH
Data Channel 1
Channel Coding
TFI 1
Data Channel 2

Channel Coding
MUX

TFI 2

Data Channel N

Coded Composite
Transport Channel
(CCTrCH)

Channel Coding

MUX

TFI N

10 bits

Channel Coding

TFI: Transport Format Indicator

TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator

TFCI Word
32 bits

Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Traffic
Traffic@@12.2
12.2kbps
kbps
Traffic data (122x2)

244

Add CRC bits

Rate matching

688

1st interleaving

688

2nd interleaving

Conv. Coding R=1/3

360
304

1st interleaving

304

Data from second 244-bit packet

#2 344

7
6

420

#1 344

344

7
6

#1
76

#2 344

344

7
6

420

420

Tail 8

112

Rate matching

#1 344

CRC 16

96

Add Tail bits

804

344

96

Add CRC bits

Tail 8

260

Conv. Coding R=1/3

Radio Frame
Segmentation

Layer 3 Control data

CRC16

244

Add Tail bits

L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps

#2
76

#3
76

344

#4
76

7
6

420

slot segmentation28 28 28 28

28

28 28 28 28

28

28 28 28 28

28

28 28 28 28

28

MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI12 12 12 12

12

12 12 12 12

12

12 12 12 12

12

12 12 12 12

12

30 ksps DPCH

600 bits (300 symbols)

600 bits (300 symbols)

600 bits (300 symbols)

600 bits (300 symbols)

Radio frame FN=4N

Radio frame FN=4N+1
Radio frame FN=4N+2
Radio frame FN=4N+3

Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Traffic
Traffic@@384
384kbps
kbps
3840

Traffic data (3840x2)

L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps

3840
CRC16

Add CRC bits

3840

11568

1
2

Rate matching

18100

1st interleaving

18100
#1 9050

9050
2nd interleaving

MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI

Termination
bits

32

Add Tail bits

32

32

480 ksps DPCH 9600 bits (4800 symb.)

280
280

9050

608 608
32

32

#1
70

#2 9050

9050

7
0

7
0

#2
70

608
32

9600 bits (4800 symb.)

608 608
32

32

#3
70

9050

9120

9120
608

360

Data from second 3840-bit packet

#1 9050

Tail 8

112

1st interleaving

7
0

608

96

Rate matching

#2 9050

CRC 16

Conv. Coding R=1/3

1
2

11568

9120

slot segmentation 608

96

Add CRC bits

7712

Turbo Coding R=1/3

Layer 3 Control data

3840

Concatenate

Radio Frame
Segmentation

CRC16

#4
70

7
0

9120
608
32

9600 bits (4800 symb.)

608 608
32

32

608
32

9600 bits (4800 symb.)

Radio frame FN=4N

Radio frame FN=4N+1
Radio frame FN=4N+2
Radio frame FN=4N+3

Multi-Code Transmission

Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7]

Primary
DPCCH/DPDCH

Data 1

Additional
DPCCH/DPDCH

Data 3

Data 4

Additional
DPCCH/DPDCH

Data N-1

Data N

TPC

TFCI

Data 2

Pilot

Downlink Shared Channel

PDSCH Frame

1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 x 2^k bits, k = [0...6]

SF = [256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, or 4]

Data (30 kbps to 1920 kbps)

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Notes:
Notes:
The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH.
The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH.
The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH.
The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH.
The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH
The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH
Any orthogonal code under the PDSCH Root Channelization Code may be utilized
Any orthogonal code under the PDSCH Root Channelization Code may be utilized
Multiple PDSCHs may be assigned to one UE
Multiple PDSCHs may be assigned to one UE

WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer

WCDMA Uplink Physical

Common Uplink Physical Channels
Channels
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
- Used by UE to initiate access to BS
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel
- Used by UE to send connectionless packet data

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
- Transmits connection-mode signaling and control to BS

WCDMA Uplink (FDD)

Logical Channels
(Layers 3+)
CCCH
Common Control Ch.

Transport Channels
(Layer 2)
RACH
Random Access Ch.

Physical Channels
(Layer 1)
Data
Coding

Chd

Gd

PRACH
Physical Random Access Ch.

RACH Control Part

DTCH (packet mode)

Dedicated Traffic Ch.

CPCH
Common Packet Ch.

Data
Coding

Chc

Gc

Chd

Gd

PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Ch.

UE
Scrambling
Code

Uplink
RF Out

PCPCH Control Part

Chc

CCTrCH
DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

DPDCH #3 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

M
U
X

DCCH
Dedicated Control Ch.

DPDCH #1
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

DPDCH #5 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #2 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH
Dedicated Ch.

Data
Encoding

DPDCH #4 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DPDCH #6 (optional)
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Gc

Chd,1

Gd

Chd,3

Gd

Chd,5

Gd

Chd,2

Gd

Chd,4

Gd

Chd,6

Gd

Chc

Gd

Q
j

I+jQ

Filter
Filter

I/Q
Mod.

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)

Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06
(10 to 640 bits)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)
Pilot
TFCI
FBI
TPC

10

11

12

13

14

15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot
PILOT:Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot)
TFCI: Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits)
FBI:

Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits)

TPC:

Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

I
Q

Uplink Data Coding,

Multiplexing

Traffic
Traffic@@12.2
12.2kbps
kbps
Traffic data (122x2)

244

Add CRC bits

Layer 3 Control data

CRC16

244

Add Tail bits

L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
96

Add CRC bits

Tail 8

96

Add Tail bits

260

CRC 16
Tail 8

112

Conv. Coding R=1/3

804

Conv. Coding R=1/3

360

1st interleaving

804

1st interleaving

360

Frame Segmentation
Rate Matching

402
#1a

490

#2a

11
0

600

slot segmentation40 40 40 40

60 kbps
DPDCH

90

90

90

110

110

110

Data from second 244-bit packet

490
2nd interleaving

Frame Segmentation 90

402
490

#1b

490

490

11
0

600 bits (600 symbols)

40 40 40 40

490

110

490

11
0

600

600
40

#2b

40

600 bits (600 symbols)

40 40 40 40

490

11
0

600
40

600 bits (600 symbols)

40 40 40 40

40

600 bits (600 symbols)

Radio frame FN=4N

Radio frame FN=4N+1
Radio frame FN=4N+2
Radio frame FN=4N+3

Uplink Data Coding,

Multiplexing

Traffic
Traffic@@384
384kbps
kbps
Traffic data (3840x2)

3840

L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps

Layer 3 Control data

3840
CRC16

Add CRC bits

3840

Concatenate
Turbo Coding R=1/3
1st interleaving
Frame Segmentation

CRC 16

Add CRC bits

3840

1
2

11568

1
2

112
360

1st interleaving

360

Frame Segmentation 90

11580

Tail 8

Conv. Coding R=1/3

23160
11580

96

Concatenate

Termination
bits

7712
11568

96

CRC16

90

90

90

75

75

75

Data from second 3840-bit packet

Rate matching

9525

9525
2nd interleaving
slot segmentation 640

9525

7
5

9600
640

9525

9525

7
5

960 kbps DPDCH 9600 bits (9600 symb.)

640 640

9525

7
5

9600

9600
640

9525

640

9600 bits (9600 symb.)

640 640

75

9525

7
5

9600
640

9600 bits (9600 symb.)

640 640

640

9600 bits (9600 symb.)

Radio frame FN=4N

Radio frame FN=4N+1
Radio frame FN=4N+2
Radio frame FN=4N+3

RAB, RB and RL
RAB

RB

UE
RL

RNC
NodeB

UTRAN

Page 150

CN

RAB, RB and RL
RAB The service that the access stratum provides to
the non-access stratum for transfer of user data
between User Equipment and CN

RB The service provided by the layer2 for transfer

of user data between User Equipment and Serving
RNC

RL A "radio link" is a logical association between single

User Equipment and a single UTRAN access point. Its
physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions
Page 151

UE Working Modes and

states
Idle mode
Connected
mode
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
URA_PCH

Page 152

UE Working Modes and

states

Idle Mode

The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data

transfer, a signalling connection has to be established.
UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN
When registered and if the UE wishes to establish an RRC
connection, it can do this by initially accessing the network on
the control channel of the cell on which it is camped
UE can receive "paging" message from control channels of the
cell.
It enables the UE to receive cell broadcast services.

The idle mode tasks can be subdivided into three

processes:
PLMN selection and reselection;
Cell selection and reselection;
Location registration.

Page 153

UE Working Modes and

states

Connected Mode (Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, CellPCH, URA-PCH)

When at least one signalling connection exists, the

UE is in connected mode and there is normally an
RRC connection between UE and UTRAN. The UE
position can be known on different levels:
UTRAN Registration Area (URA) level
The UE position is known on URA level. The URA is a set of
cells
Cell level
The UE position is known on cell level. Different transport
channel types can be used for data transfer:
Common transport channels (RACH / FACH, DSCH, CPCH)
Dedicated transport Channels (DCH)

Page 154

UE Working Modes and

states
Cell-DCH
In active state
Communicating via its
dedicated channels
UTRAN knows which cell UE is
in.

Page 155

Cell-FACH and Cell-PCH

State

Cell-FACH

In active state
Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in
downlink. There is no need to allocate dedicated
channel for this UE.
Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH.
UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative
information.
UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.

Cell-PCH

Page 156

No data to be transmitted or received.

Monitor PICH, to receive its paging.
lower the power consumption of UE.
UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.
UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE
roams to another cell

URA-PCH State
URA-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received.
Monitor PICH.
UTRAN only knows which URA (UTRAN
Registration Area, which consists of
multiple cells) that UE is in.
UTRAN update UE information only
after UE has roamed to other URA.
A better way to lower the resource
occupancy and signaling transmission

Page 157

UE states

- Reduce action DTX and save power

RRC connection
URA_PCH

CELL_PCH

CELL_DCH

CELL_FACH

- Dedicated Channel
- Radio bearers Transmission Services
IDLE

DEAD

Page 158

- upper layer Signaling

trigger (CN)
- Monitor paging channel
- cell re-selection

- Scanning networks (PLMN)

- Camp on cell

SRNC/DRNC
CN
Iu
SRNC

Iur

DRNC

SRNC and DRNC are on a per connection basis between a UE

and the UTRAN
The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow
radio resources of a certain cell from the DRNC
Drift RNSs support the Serving RNS by providing radio
resources
A UE in connection state has at least one and only one SRNC,
but can has 0 or multiple DRNCs

Page 159

Introduction of System
Information
MIB
Contains PLMN tag and SB (scheduling information block) or the
scheduling information for SIB (system info block)
SB1
Contains scheduling information for SIB
SB2
Contains scheduling information for SIB
SIB1
Contains the system information for NAS and the timer/counter
for UE
SIB2
Contains the URA information
SIB3
Contains the parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection

Page 160

Introduction of System
Information
SIB4
Contains parameters for cell selection and cell re-selection while
UE is in connecting mode
SIB5
Contains parameters for the common physical channels of the
cell
SIB6
Contains parameters for the common physical channels of the
cell while UE is in connecting mode
SIB7
Contains the uplink interference level and the refreshing timer
for SIB7
SIB8
Contains the CPCH static information

Page 161

Introduction of System
Information
SIB9
Contains the CPCH dynamic information
SIB10
Contains information to be used by UEs having their DCH
controlled by a DRAC procedure
Used in FDD mode only
To be used in CELL_DCH state only
Changes so often, its decoding is controlled by a timer
SIB11
Contains measurement controlling information
SIB12
Contains measurement controlling information in connecting
mode
SIB13
Contains ANSI-41 system information
Page 162

Introduction of System
Information
SIB14:
Contains the information in TDD mode
SIB15:
Contains the position service information
SIB16:
Contains the needed pre-configuration information for handover
from other RAT to UTRAN
SIB17:
Contains the configuration information for TDD
SIB18:
Contains the PLMN identities of the neighboring cells
To be used in shared networks to help with the cell reselection
process

Page 163

System Information Block Type 1

Page 164

System information type 1

The NAS system information
CS domain DRX K
6 then DRX period is 2^k = 2
^ 6 = 64 TTI = 640 ms
PS domain DRX K 6 then
DRX period is 2^k = 2 ^ 6 =
64 TTI = 640 ms
The different timers for UE in
connecting mode and idle
mode.

System Information Block

Type 2
System info
type 2
URA information

Page 165

System Information Block

Type 3
The references for cell
selection and re-selection
Qhyst2s
Sintrasearch
Sintersearch
SinterRatsearch
Qqualmin
Qrxlemin
T reselection
Max Allowed UE TX power

Page 166

System Information Block

Type 5
The configuration
information for the
following physical channels
and the counterpart
transport channels
PICH
AICH
PCCPCH
PRACH
SCCPCH

Page 167

WCDMA Handover Principle

The Basic Concepts of

Handover
Active Set

Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting

Event reporting to Periodic reporting

Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:

maximum ratio combination

selection combination

The soft handover gain

CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover

Page169

The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell

Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)

According to the purpose of handover

Page170

Based
Based
Based
Based

on
on
on
on

Coverage
Load (Optional)
mobility of UE (Optional)
Service (Optional)

The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover
and hard handover:
Item

Soft Handover

Hard Handover

The numbers of RL in

Several

One

No

Yes

The frequencies of

Only happened in

Can be happened in Intra-

cells

Intra-frequency

frequency cells or Inter-

cells

frequency cells

active set after

handover
Interruption during
handover

Page171

The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are

combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination,

but during soft handover they are combined in RNC
by selection combination
Compare to later one, the maximum ration

combination can get more gain. So the performance

of maximum ration combination is better
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do

not consume transport resource of Iub

Page172

Soft Handover
RNC

NodeB 1

Page173

NodeB 2

Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)

NodeB

Page174

Hard Handover
RNC

NodeB 1

Page175

NodeB 2

Contents
1.Introduction of Handover
2.Measurement of Handover
3.The Basic Handovers

Page177

Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and
measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode

Page178

Measurement Control
UE

UTRAN

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Measurement Control, normal case

Page179

Measurement Control
UE

UTRAN

MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Measurement Control, normal case

Page180

Measurement Report

UE

UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT

Measurement Control, normal case

Page181

Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and
measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of
measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode

Page182

The Basic Concepts of Measurement

The measurement values of Handover

Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP,
CPICH Ec/N0, Path loss
Inter-frequency CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC
Reconfirmation

The reporting methods of measurement

Periodic reporting
Event reporting

The events of reporting

Intra-frequency events 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events 3A,3C

Page183

Key Parameters

Page184

Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and
measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode

Page185

Intra-frequency Measurement Events

Intra-frequency measurement report events are
identified with 1X
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range.
When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A
event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is
better than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;
1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel
exceeds the absolute threshold
Page186

Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified
with 2X
2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency
is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the nonused frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used
frequency is higher than a certain threshold;
2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency
is lower than a certain threshold
2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency
is higher than a certain threshold

Page187

Inter-system Measurement
Events
Inter-system measurement events
are identified with 3X
3A : The estimated quality value of the
used UTRAN frequency is lower than a
certain threshold, and that of the other
system is higher than a certain
threshold
3C : The estimated quality value of the
other system is higher than a certain
threshold
Page188

Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and
measurement report
2.2 The basic definitions of measurement
2.3 Measurement event
2.4 Compressed mode

Page189

The Purpose of Compressed

mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or intersystem cell under FDD mode

Categories
Downlink compressed
Uplink compressed

Page190

Compressed Mode Sketch

Map

One frame
(10 ms)

Page191

Transmission gap available for

inter-frequency measurements

The realization Methods of Compressed mode

Realization Methods
SF/2
Rate matching/puncturing
Higher layer scheduling

Page192

Contents
1.Introduction of Handover
2.Measurement of Handover
3.The Basic Handovers

Page193

Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

Page194

Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover

Characters of Soft Handover

During handover, UE has several RLs

with different cells - active set
The handover among different cells
which are in same RLS can be softer
handover
Soft handover:
Selection combination in uplink
Maximum combination in downlink

Softer handover
Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Page195

Brief Introduction of Soft

Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain
Load balance
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong
handover

Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code
resource of BE service
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative
When the downlink power from different cells is not
balanced, it will bring side-effect

Page196

Measurement of Soft
Handover

The measurement of soft handover/softer

handover
Measurement value CPICH RSCP CPICH
Ec/No Pathloss

Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter

Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
Event type 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F
UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold, Absolute
threshold, Hysteresis, Time to trigger

Event reporting to periodic reporting

Page197

The Decision Algorithm of Soft

Handover
Soft/softer handover decision
1A : Radio Link Addition
1B : Radio Link Removal
1C : Combined Radio Link Addition and
Removal
1D : change best cell

Page198

The Execution of Soft

Handover
Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control
Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters
according to best cell

RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement report

The compensation and restriction of soft

handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
Page199

Soft Handover Flow (add RL)

Page200

Soft Handover Flow (del RL)

Page201

Key Parameters

Relative threshold
Time to trigger
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Absolute threshold of soft handover

Page202

Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

Page203

Brief Introduction of Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to
target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are
same

Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware
resource

Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency
interference

Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface
jam (only happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions,
such as code resource condition, the QoS condition and so
Page204

The Measurement, Decision and Execution of

Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Measurement

Decision

Similar to soft handover

1D event

Execution

UE reports CFN-SFN information

UE does not report CFN-SFN information

Page205

Synchronization hard handover

Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF

The Measurement, Decision and Execution of

Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Measurement

Decision

Similar to soft handover

1D event

Execution

UE reports CFN-SFN information

UE does not report CFN-SFN information

Page206

Synchronization hard handover

Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF

Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

UE

Target
NODEB

Source
NODEB

SRNC

1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP establish
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP release

Page207

Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE
speed
UE should do soft handover when the speed of
BE service is less than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover
when the speed of BE service is greater than the
threshold.

The parameters about 1D event

Time to trigger, hysteresis
The parameters should be set accord with the
Qos
Page208

Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

Page209

The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Characters

The working frequency is different after handover

The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one
receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used
for hard handover

Application scenarios

Disconnected coverage

Handover based on load

Hierarchy cells

Page210

Measurement Values and

Events

The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement

values

Measurement values

CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/N0

Different handover purpose for different measurement

type

Page211

In the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP

In the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

Compressed Mode Initiation

Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event : The estimated quality value
of the used frequency is lower than a
certain threshold

Conditions for Measurement stopping

2F event : The estimated quality value
of the used frequency is higher than a
certain threshold

Page212

Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE Moving Speed

When UE is in one of the hierarchy

cells, the moving speed estimation
algorithm is initiated
Handover events in a while decides
whether the speed of UE satisfies the
current cell hierarchy condition
UEs moving speed decided the result

Page213

Decision Algorithm

The inter-frequency hard handover decision

The coverage triggers the handover

2B event
the quality in the used frequency is lower than absolute
threshold, but the quality in another non-used frequency is
higher than another absolute threshold.

The load triggers handover

2C event
the quality in another frequency is higher than an absolute
threshold

Page214

Inter-frequency Hard Handover Signaling Flow

UE

Target
NODEB

Source
NODEB

SRNC

1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP released

Page215

Key Parameters (I)

Page216

Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters

Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting
or event reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH
RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay
trigger time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering
the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for
PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F
parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality
threshold of target cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard
handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover

Key Parameters (II)

Inter-frequency handover parameters
caused by non-coverage ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3
filter coefficient, delay trigger time and
hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on noncoverage ability

Page217

Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-system Hard Handover

Page218

The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard Handover

Application scenarios

Characters

WCDMA FDD < >GSM

Different radio access technology is used after handover
Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the
measurement

Advantages

For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system

to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old
equipments(2G->3G)

Disadvantages

The flow is complicated, and it demands higher

compatibility for equipments
Demands more complicated UE

Page219

Compressed Mode Initiated

The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)

Measurement type:

GSM Carrier RSSI

BSIC Identification

BSIC Reconfirmation

The process of measurement: layer 1 filter, layer 3

filter

Measurement reporting

Event reporting
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement

Page220

Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by
coverage
Event reporting:
3A event The estimated quality value of the used
UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold,
and that of the other system is higher than a
certain threshold

Periodic reporting:
Evaluation According to the periodic reported
GSM RSSI measurement value and the BSIC
confirming state of target cell of GSM system, and
meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM RSSI of
target cell is greater than the absolute threshold,
then consider the cell confirmed by BSIC
Page221

Decision Algorithm

Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage

Event reporting

3C event: The estimated quality value of the other

system is higher than a absolute threshold

Page222

Inter-system Handover Flow

UE

Node B

SRNC

CN
1. Relocation
Required

6. Relocation
Command

MSC
2. Prepare
Handover

5. Prepare
Handover
Response

BSC

3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack

7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete

12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete

Page223

11. Send
End
Signal
Request
14. Send End
Signal Response

10. Handover
Complete

Key Parameters (I)

Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters

Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped
threshold: Considering the different demands of CPICH
Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the
different 2D and 2F parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP

BSIC confirmed (Optional)

Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS
domain separately

Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold

Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event

Page224

Key Parameters (II)

Inter-system handover caused by noncoverage parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report
The decision threshold for inter-system handover:
configure the CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with
acknowledged and unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter
coefficient and hysteresis
Penalty time
Page225

WCDMA Power Control

Purpose of uplink power

control

Uplink transmission character

Self-interference

Capacity is limited by interference

Near-far effect

Fading

Uplink power control

Ensure uplink quality with minimum transmission power

Decrease interference to other UE, and increase capacity

Solve the near-far effect

Save UE transmission power

Page227

Purpose of downlink power control

Downlink transmission character

Interference among different subscribers since the

orthogonality is influenced by transmission environment

Interference from other adjacent cells

Downlink capacity is limited by NodeB transmission power

Fading

Downlink power control

Ensure Downlink quality with minimum transmission power

Decrease interference to other cells, and increase capacity

Save NodeB transmission power

Page228

The Relationship between Tx Power and Rx Power

20

Channel
Transmitted power

15

Relative power (dB)

Received power
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20

200

400

Time (ms)
Page229

600

800

Power Control Classification

Power control classification
open loop power control
closed loop power control

Page230

Uplink inner-loop power control

Downlink inner-loop power control
Uplink outer-loop power control
Downlink outer-loop power control

Power control methods adopted for

various physical channels

Page231

Power control methods adopted for various physical

channels
Y" can be applied, "" not applied

Contents
1.Power Control Overview
2.open loop Power Control
3.closed loop Power Control

Page232

Contents
2. open loop Power Control
2.1 open loop power control
overview
2.2 PRACH open loop power control
2.3 DPCCH open loop power control

Page233

Open loop Power Control

Overview
Purpose
UE estimates the power loss of signals
on the propagation path by measuring
the downlink channel signals, then
calculates the transmission power of the
uplink channel

principle
Path loss of the uplink channel is related
to path loss of the downlink channel
Page234

Open loop Power Control

Overview
Disadvantage
This power control method is rather
rough

Application scenarios
In a cell, signal fading caused by fast
fading is usually more serious than that
caused by propagation loss
open loop power control is applied only
at the beginning of connection setup,
generally in setting the initial power
Page235
value

Contents
2. open loop Power Control
2.1 open loop power control overview
2.2 PRACH open loop power control
2.3 DPCCH open loop power control

Page236

Open loop Power Control of

PRACH
One access slot
Acq.
Ind.

AICH access
slots RX at UE

PrePRACH access amble

slots TX at UE

Preamble

p-p

Page237

p-a
Message part

p-m

Open loop Power Control of

PRACH

The initial value of PRACH power is set through open loop

power control

Preamble_Initial_Power
= PCPICH DL TX power - CPICH_RSCP + UL interference
+ Constant Value

Page238

Open loop power control of PRACH

Pp-m
Power Ramp Step

Preable_Initial_
power
10ms/20ms

NO.
1

Parameter
Power Offset Pp-m

Constant Value

PRACH Power Ramp Step

Preamble Retrans Max

Page239

Parameter meaning
The power offset of the last access preamble and message control
part. This value plus the access preamble power is the power of the
control part
This parameter is the correction constant used for the UE to estimate
the initial transmission power of PRACH according to the open loop
power
This parameter is the ramp step of the preamble power when the UE
has not received the capture indication from NodeB
This parameter is the permitted maximum preamble repeat times of
the UE within a preamble ramp cycle

Open loop power control of

PRACH

Application scenarios

Node B
Serving RNS

UE

Serving
RNC

1. CCCH : RRC Connection

Request

RRC

RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters

open loop power

control of PRACH

NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP

Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP

NBAP

4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

DCH - FP
DCH - FP
Send DPCCH

6. Uplink Synchronization

UL: PDCCH

DCH - FP
DCH - FP

Start TX
description
7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up

RRC

RRC

5. Downlink Synchronization

RRC

8. Radio Link Restore Indication

NBAP
9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete

NBAP

RRC

Page240

Contents
2. open loop Power Control
2.1 open loop power control overview
2.2 PRACH open loop power control
2.3 DPCCH open loop power control

Page241

Open loop power control of DL DPCCH

The DL DPCCH open loop power control can
be calculated by the following formula:
P=(Ec/Io)Req-CPICH_Ec/Io + CPICH_Power

Parameters explanation
(Ec/Io)req is the required Ec/Io, which should
ensure that UE can receive
the message from the dedicated channel
correctly
CPICH_Ec/Io is measured by UE, then it is sent to
UTRAN by RACH
CPICH_Power is the transmission power of CPICH
Page242

Open loop power control of DL

DPCCH

Application scenarios

Node B
Serving RNS

UE

Serving
RNC

1. CCCH : RRC Connection

Request

RRC

RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters

NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP

Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP

NBAP

open loop power

control of DPCCH

4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

DCH - FP
DCH - FP

5. Downlink Synchronization
6. Uplink Synchronization

DCH - FP
DCH - FP

Start TX
description
RRC

7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up

NBAP

RRC

RRC

8. Radio Link Restore Indication

9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete

NBAP

RRC

Page243

Open loop power control of UL

DPCCH
The UL DPCCH open loop power control can be
calculated by the following formula:
DPCCH_Initial_Power
= DPCCH_Power_Offset - CPICH_RSCP

Page244

open loop power control of UL DPCCH

Application scenarios
Node B
Serving RNS

UE

Serving
RNC

1. CCCH : RRC Connection

Request

RRC

RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters

NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

NBAP

Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP

NBAP

4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

open loop power

control of DPCCH

DCH - FP
DCH - FP

5. Downlink Synchronization
6. Uplink Synchronization

DCH - FP
DCH - FP

Start TX
description
RRC

7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up

NBAP

RRC

RRC

8. Radio Link Restore Indication

9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete

NBAP

RRC

Page245

Contents
1.Power Control Overview
2.open loop Power Control
3.closed loop Power Control

Page246

Contents
3.closed loop Power Control
3.1 closed loop power control
overview
3.2 Uplink inner loop power control
3.3 Downlink inner loop power control
3.4 Outer loop power control

Page247

Closed loop power control overview

The characteristics of open loop power control
The results from open loop power control are not
accurate enough
open loop power control can only decide the initial
power

The advantages of closed loop power control

Guarantee the QoS
Decrease the interference
Increase the system capacity

Page248

Closed loop power control

overview
Outer loop

Inner loop

BLERmea>BLERtarSIRtar
BLERtar

BLERmea<BLERtarSIRtar
Until
BLERmea=BLERtar

Page249

Ensure the
QoS with
minimum
power

SIRmea>SIRtarTPC=0
SIRtar

SIRmea<SIRtar TPC=1
Until
SIRmea=SIRtar

TPC
TPC=0
TPC=1

Power
Power

Contents
3.closed loop Power Control
3.1 closed loop power control overview
3.2 Uplink inner loop power control
3.3 Downlink inner loop power control
3.4 Outer loop power control

Page250

Uplink-inner loop power

control

NodeB compares the measured SIR to the preset target SIR

TPC Decision
(0 1)

Compare SIRmeas with SIRtar

SIRmea>SIRtarTPC=0
1500H
SIRmea<SIRtar TPC=1 1500H

PCA1
PCA2

zz

TPC_CMD
-1, 0, 1

Inner-loop
set SIRtar

NodeB

Transmit TPC

UE
Each
Each UE
UE
has
has its
its own
own
loop
loop

Page251

Adjust DPCCH Tx
DPCCH=tpcTPC_cmd

Adjust DPDCH Tx
(c,d)

Uplink inner-loop PCA1 without soft handover

UE gets one TPC in each time slot

If TPC=0, TPC_cmd= -1

If TPC=1, TPC_cmd= 1

TPC

TPC_CMD

0 1 1 0 1

-1 1

1 0 1

1 0

1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1

This control is done in each time slot

Power control frequency is 1500HZ

Page252

Uplink inner-loop PCA1 with soft handover

Each time slot, combine TPC
from different RLS then
get Wi

CELL1

CELL2

RL11

RL12
RLS1

Get TPC_cmd based on

TPC_cmd = (W1, W2, WN)

RLS2

RLS3

CELL4

CELL3

RLS1-TPC (W1)
RLS2-TPC (W2)
RLS3-TPC (W3)
TPC_CMD
Page253

Uplink inner-loop PCA1 with soft handover

Each time slot, combine TPC
from different RLS then
get Wi

CELL1

CELL2

RL11

RL12
RLS1

Get TPC_cmd based on

TPC_cmd = (W1, W2, WN)

RLS2

RLS3

CELL4

CELL3

RLS1-TPC (W1)
RLS2-TPC (W2)
RLS3-TPC (W3)
TPC_CMD
Page254

Uplink inner-loop PCA2 Without soft handover

10ms/frame
Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

TPC

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

-1

TPC_CMD
Transmission power will be controlled in each 5
time slots
The frequency is 300HZ
Page255

Uplink inner-loop PCA2 With soft

handover
Combine TPC from same
RLS in each time slot

Calculate TPC_tempi for each

RLS

If 5 TPC are all 1, TPC_tempi=1

If 5 TPC are all 0, TPC_tempi=-1

Otherwise, TPC_tempi =0

CELL1
RL11

Otherwise

Page256

TPC_CMD=0

RL12
RLS1

Calculate TPC_cmd

1 N
TPC _ tempi 0.5 TPC_CMD=1
N i 1
1 N
TPC _ tempi 0.5 TPC_CMD=-1
N i 1

CELL2

RLS2

CELL3

RLS3

CELL4

Uplink inner-loop PCA2 with soft handover

10ms/frame
Group 1

TPC
TS

TS1

TS2

Group 2

TS3

TS4

TS5

TS6

TS7

Group 3

TS8

TS9

RLS

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS

TS1

TS2

TS3

TS4

TS5

TS6

TS7

TS8

TS9

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

-1

0
TPC_CMD
2

-1

TS1

TS2

TS3

TS4

TS5

TS6

TS7

TS8

TS9

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

TS1

1
TPC_temp
2
i
RLS

RLS

3
RLS
1

1
0

RLS

RLS

TS

0
0

Page257

-1

1
0

0
0

1
1

0
1

Power is controlled in each 5 time slots

The power control frequency is 300HZ

1
2

0
2

1
3

0
3

1
4

1
4

Comparison between PCA1 and

PCA2
The control frequency

TPC1, the power control frequency is

1500Hz
TPC2, the power control frequency is
300Hz

Page258

Contents
3.closed loop Power Control
3.1 closed loop power control overview
3.2 Uplink inner loop power control
3.3 Downlink inner loop power
control
3.4 Outer loop power control

Page259

Downlink closed loop power control

Measure and compare BLER

L3

1500Hz
Outer
loop

10-100Hz
set SIRtar

Transmit TPC
Inner loop

NodeB

Page260

L1

Measure and compare SIR

Downlink Inner loop power

control
L3

1500Hz

Set SIRtar
Transmit TPC in each TS

Adjust Tx power

NodeB

Page261

Measure SIR and compare

with 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB
it with SIRtar

Downlink inner loop power

control

How to generate TPC

When UE is not in soft handover

The TPC which is generated by UE is transmitted in TPC domain
of UL channel

When UE is in soft handover, two power control modes can

be used, which is decided by DPC_mode:
DPC_MODE 0 UE will transmit TPC in every slot
DPC_MODE 1 UE will transmit the same TPC in every three
time slot

Page262

When the downlink channel is in out of synchronization, UE

will transmit TPC 1 because UE can not measure the
downlink SIR

Downlink inner-loop power

control

How to adjust power

Downlink power adjustment:

Pk Pk 1 P TPC k P bal k
Where
P(k-1) is power of previous
PTPC(k) is the adjustment
Pbal(k) is correction value

The transmission power can not higher than Maximum_DL_Power,

and not less than Minimum_DL_Power neither.

Page263

Downlink inner-loop power

control

How to adjust power

PTPC(k)

Without Limited Power Raise Used

TPC
PTPC (k )
TPC

if TPC est (k ) 1
if TPC est (k ) 0

Where
PTPC(k) is the adjustment value
TPCest(k) is uplink TPC value
TPC is downlink power adjustment step(0.5, 1,
1.5 or 2dB)

Page264

Downlink inner-loop power

control

PTPC(k)

With Limited Power Raise Used

TPC

PTPC (k )
0

TPC

if TPC est (k ) 1 and sum ( k ) TPC Power_Rais e_Limit

if TPC est (k ) 1 and sum ( k ) TPC Power_Rais e_Limit
if TPC est ( k ) 0

Where sum ( k )

k 1

(i )

TPC
i k DL _ Power _ Averaging _ Window _ Size 1

PTPC(k) is the adjustment value

TPCest(k) is uplink TPC value
TPC is downlink power adjustment step(0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2dB)
Power_Raise_Limit: the limited value for Power ramping in a
timer
Page265

DL_power_averaging_window_size timer for power

ramping (TS)

Downlink inner-loop power

control

Page266

Downlink Power Balance

Downlink power balance

process
SRNC can monitor every single
NodeBs transmission. If SRNC
found the power offset in soft
handover is excessive, it will
initiate the DPB process

The initiation and stop of DPB

The power offset of two RLs is
greater than the DPB initial
threshold, the DPB process is
initiated
The power offset of two RLs is
less than the DPB stop

Page267

threshold, the DPB process is

stopped

Contents
3.closed loop Power Control
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Page268

closed loop power control overview

Uplink inner loop power control
Downlink inner loop power control
Outer loop power control

Outer loop power control

The character of outer loop power control

The QoS which NAS provides to CN is BLER, not SIR

The relationship between inner loop power control and

outer loop power control
SIRtar should be satisfied with the requirement of
decoding correctly. But different multi-path radio
environments request different SIR
Therefore, the outer loop power control can adjust the SIR
to get a stable BLER in the changeable radio environment

Page269

Uplink outer loop power

control
Measure received data and
compare BLER in the TrCH

Set BLERtar

Measure and compare SIR

Out loop

Inner-loop

Set SIRtar

Transmit TPC

10-100Hz

RNC

Page270

NodeB

UE

Downlink outer loop power

control
Measure and compare BLER
1500Hz

L3
Outer
loop

10-100Hz
set SIRtar

Transmit TPC
Inner loop

NodeB

Page271

L1

Measure and compare SIR

Outer loop power control

SIR target adjustment
step

BLERmeas BLERt arg et

SIRtar SIRAdjustcoefficient * SIRAdjustStep *

BLERt arg et

Where
SirAdjustStep: Outer loop power control adjustment step
SirAdjustFactor: Coefficient for outer loop power control
BLERest: Estimated BLER
BLERtar: Target BLER

Page272

Outer loop power control

Uplink outer loop power control command transmit to

NodeB through DCH-FP of Iub interface

Node B

SRNC

Outer loop power control

Page273