ZOOLOGY

BIO 141

Dr. Sumithran

 http://people.eku.edu/sumithr

ans/Zoo/Home.html

Introduction

What is life?

Introduction

Difficult to define
Therefore discuss properties of living
systems

Properties of Living Systems

1) Chemical Uniqueness
Made up of large molecules
MACROMOLECULES
Four categories
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

Properties of Living Systems

2) Complexity and Hierarchical Organization

One level builds on previous level
Macromolecules
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ system etc
Emergent Characteristics
Unique characteristics that appear at a given
level of organization

Properties of Living Systems

3) Reproduction
Replacement of individuals in a
population
Types of Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual

Properties of Living Systems

4) Possession of a Genetic
Program
Faithful transmission of traits
Heredity
Information contained in Genes
Specifically encoded in the DNA

Properties of Living Systems

5) Metabolism
Complex chemical processes that go
on in cells provide energy
Two processes
Anabolism Building up reactions
Catabolism Breaking down
reactions

Properties of Living Systems

6) Growth / Development
Changes that take place during the
life of an organism
Metamorphosis The transformation
that take place in post-embryonic
stages

Properties of Living Systems

7) Environmental Interaction
Ecology Study of interactions
between organisms and their
environment
Organisms responding to stimuli from
environment
IRRITABILITY

IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLES

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin
Galapagos Islands
1859 Published The Origin of
Species
Major obstacle Heredity not
understood
5 major theories

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

1) Perpetual Change
Living world is neither constant nor
cyclic instead is constantly changing
Fossil Evidence
99% of species that once lived on the
planet now extinct

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

2) Common Descent
All forms of life descended from a
common ancestor through branching
lineages
PHYLOGENY
DNA studies Provide evidence

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

3) Multiplication
of Species
new species are
produced by the
splitting and
transformation of
older ones
Process known as
Speciation

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

4) Gradualism
Large differences that characterize
different species, originate through
the accumulation of small changes
over a period of time
Did not take place overnight but
over geological time

DARWINS THEORY OF
EVOLUTION

5) Natural Selection
Explains why organisms are
constructed the way they are
To meet the demands of their
environment

CLASSIFICATION

Developed by Linnaeus

Categories of Animal
Classification

Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - sapiens

The End

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