File Structures 2

File Structures
Chapter 2 :Secondary Storage and system software
Topics under discussion

Disks
Magnetic Tape
Disk versus Tape
Introduction to CD-ROM
Physical organization of CD-ROM
CD-ROM strengths and weakness
Storage as Hierarchy
Byte journey
Buffer Management
B.Meena,Asst.Prof.,IT Dept,ANITS
DISC
DISK
refers to optical media refers to magnetic
media
audio CD, CD-ROM,
floppy disk, disk in
DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM,
your computer's hard
or DVD-Video disc
drive, an external hard
drive.
All discs are removable Disks are always
rewritable unless
intentionally locked or
write-protected.
DISKS
10
Disks : topic under Disks

Organization of disks
Estimating the capacities
Organizing tracks by sectors
Organizing tracks by blocks
Non data overhead
The cost of disk access
Effect of block size on performance
Disk as bottle neck
11
12
Disk organization
13
14

Track capacity = no.of sectors * byes per
sector
Cylinder capacity= no.of tracks per cylinder
* track capacity
Drive capacity = number .of cylinders *
cylinder capacity
15
Key terms
Block :
often refers to a collection of records
May be collection of sectors
Some times called as physical record
Sector is sometimes called a block
Blocking factor : no. of records stored per block
16
17
Organizing tracks by sector

Physical placement of sectors
This is another view of sectors
Having adjacent sectors
Having interleaving factor
32 sector track
18
Clusters
When a file is requested
it get s from file manager
File manager maps by
viewing it from series of
clusters
Decided by system
administrator
Eg : like 3 512-byte
sector per cluster
19
Extents
Physical
continuous
sectors
with a min
seek time
Efficient
when a file
to be
processed
sequentiall
y
20
Fragmentation
Sector size : 512
bytes
Record size : 300
bytes
Loss of space
with in the sector
: internal
fragmentation
21
Organization of tracks by blocks

Block : group of
sectors
Not always divided
into sectors
Some times divided
into blocks of
variable size
Blocking factor :
indicates no. of
records
22
Non data overhead

Blocks and sectors require
certain amount of space
take up called as non data
over head
E.g. : index pages in the
text book
23
Cost of the disk access

Disk access is divided into three physical
operations
Seek time : time required to move the access
arm to the correct cylinder
Rotational delay : the time it takes for the
disk to rotate so the sector we want is under
the r/w head
Transfer time : rotation time X ( no.of bytes
transferred/no of bytes on a track)
24
An experiment on timing
computations
A file of 87,04,000 byte (34000 * 256 )

Is divided into 34,000 records of each 256
byte
1 cluster holds 16 records
16 * 256 = 4096 byte cluster size
Now 4096 byte sector occupies 100 tracks
It means the disk needs 100 tracks to hold
8704 KB
Experimenting on reading the file in
sequence and random gave a result as
25
OPERATION
S
Average seek
Rotational
delay
Read one
track
total
Drive (100
tracks)
SEQUENTIAL RANDOM
8 msec
3 msec
8 msec
3 msec
6 msec
0.28 msec
17 msec
100 * 17
msec
11.28 msec
34000 sectors
* 11.28 msec
=9.25 sec
=1.7 sec
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Effect of block size on

performance :unix
27
Disk as bottle neck

Techniques
Multiprogramming : using multithreading
in java etc
Striping : involves splitting into parts
(like IDM)
Buffering using disk cache
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Topics covered under Disks

Organization of disks
Organizing tracks by sectors
Organizing tracks by blocks
Non data overhead
The cost of disk access
Effect of block size on performance
Disk as bottle neck
29
Magnetic tape
Are compact
Stand up well in different
environmental conditions
Easy to store and transport
Less expensive than disk
Used many years ago
30
Tape : Topic under discussion

Types of the tape system
High performance tape system
Data organization on 9-track tapes
Estimation of tape length
Estimating data transmission
31
32
33
34
High performance tape

system
SD3 storage tek redwood
1997
Configured in silo has storage racks , tape
robot , multiple tape drives
Tapes formatted with helical racks
Cartridge 4 by 4 inch
Tape 1 and half inch
50 GB , Avg seek time 53 sec , load time 17 sec
Read write full tape 75 min
Mounted in 2 min
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Organization of data on 9 track

tape
36
37
Performance difference in 3
quantities
Tape density 800,1600 or 6250 bits
per inch per track
Tape speed 30 to 200 inches per sec
Size of inter block gap 0.3 inch and
0.75 inch
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Estimating tape length

S=n X (b+g)
n is number of data blocks , b physical
length of a data block , g is length of
an interblock gap
Length of each block = blocksize
(bytes per block ) / tape density (bpi)
39

Nominal recording density
Other factors : Speed, gap size,
Nominal rate = tape density (bpi)
X tape speed (ips)
40
Disk versus tape
41
42
Tape : Topic covered

Types of the tape system
High performance tape system
Data organization on 9-track tapes
Estimation of tape length
Disk vs tape
43
Introduction to CD-ROM
History
Compact disc Read only memory
Offspring of video disc technology
1960 1970
Surviving format is laser vision
Companies : sony , philips ,moserbear
Cd rom file structure problem

To index a text book
Memory access 20 sec
Magnetic Disk access takes 2 months
CD-ROM stretches to 2 and half years
44
What is CD-ROM
Compact Disc Read Only
Memory.
A compact disc format
that is used to hold
text, graphics, and hi-fi
stereo sound.
45
History of CD-ROM
Sony of Japan and Philips of the Netherlands
developed the compact disc (CD)
A small hard plastic disc that could be
economically produced in large quantities.
CD-Audio was the first application for this new
technology. CD-Audio was very successful
When CD-ROM was designed, the industry
recognized the need for standards and developed
ISO 9660 as the base standard for all CD-ROMs.
46
Attributes
Data is placed on the CD-ROM in the form of small
pits
recorded in a spiral track starting at the centre of
the CD- ROM and working to the outer edge.
If the data track of a CD-ROM could be stretched
out it would be about 4.5Km long.
47
Physical organization of CDROM

Reading pits and lands
CLV instead of CAV
Addressing
Structure of a sector
48
Reading pits and lands

CD ROM are stamped from a master
disc
Master disc is made of glass
It has a coating changed by laser
beam
When hit by laser turns to pit and land
The smooth unchanged areas between
pits is called as land
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50
51
52
addressing
According to philps/sony standard
CD is divided into 75 sectors each hold 2KB data
earlier
Now blue ray 25 GB 50 GB
DVD 9 GB
Sony announces 1 TB of blue
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54
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Structure of a sector : CD ROM
56
CD-ROM Strengths &

Weaknesses
Seek Performance: very bad
Data Transfer Rate: Not Terrible/Not Great
Storage Capacity: Great
Benefit: enables us to build indexes and other support
structures that can help overcome some of the limitations
associated with CD-ROMs poor performance.
Read-Only Access: There cant be any changes ==>

File organization can be optimized.
No need for interaction with the user (which
requires a quick response)
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Storage as hierarchy
58

File Structures 2

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File Structures 2

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File Structures

Chapter 2 :Secondary Storage and system software

Topics under discussion

Disks : topic under Disks

Estimating the capacities

Organizing tracks by sector

Organization of tracks by blocks

Non data overhead

Cost of the disk access

A file of 87,04,000 byte (34000 * 256 )

Effect of block size on

Disk as bottle neck

Topics covered under Disks

Tape : Topic under discussion

High performance tape

Organization of data on 9 track

Estimating tape length

Estimating data transmission

Disk versus tape

Tape : Topic covered

Cd rom file structure problem

Physical organization of CDROM

Reading pits and lands

Structure of a sector : CD ROM

CD-ROM Strengths &

Read-Only Access: There cant be any changes ==>

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