MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

by Dr.rer.nat.Tri Yudani MR, MAppSc

DNA
MoLECULE of HEREDITY
DNA/RNA structures
GENETIC code
Transcription

DNA
Overview:
Background/history
DNA structure
Genetic information in eukaryotic

A Short History
1869 - Miescher isolated DNA the first
time
1953 - Watson and Crick proposed the
double helix as the structure of DNA
1957 - Kornberg discovered DNA
polymerase
1961 - Marmer and Doty discovered DNA
renaturation
1962 - Arber, Nathans and Smith
discovered restriction endonucleases
1966 - Nirenberg, Ochoa, and Khorana
figured out the genetic code

What is DNA?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is

a double helix: two strands of
genetic material spiraled around
each other.
Everyones chemical structure
of DNA is the same, the only
difference is in the ordering of
base pairs.

BUILDING BLOCK of DNA

Nucleotides
consist of a
sugar,
phosphate and
nitrogenous
base

Nitrogenous base of DNA

Purine nucleotides
A - Adenine
G - Guanine

Pyrimidine
nucleotides
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine

Chemical composistion
of DNA

DNA strand extend from 5

to 3
The DNA
back-bone
was
connected by
phosphodiest
er bond

Strand of DNA A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G

T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C

POLYNUCLEOTIDE
FORMATION

DNA structure Watson-Crick

double helix
The two helical polynucleotide chain
coil around the common axis. The
chains are antiparalel in polarity
Purine and pyrimidine bases are inside
the helix, whereas the phosphate and
deoxyribose units are on the outside.

DNA base composition is

governed by Chargaffs
Rule
DNA has equal number of A and T
residue (A-T) and equal number of
G and C residue (G-C)
DNA base composition range
from 25-75% G+C content.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Component =
DNA except for
nitrogenous
base is replaced
by Uracyl

RNA STRUCTURE

rRNA

From DNA to
chromosome

 Humans have
23 pairs of
chromosomes.
A part of
chromosome
that dictates a
particular trait
is called a
gene.

Chromosome map
two chrom arms
are referred to
as p and q (short
and long
respectively).
Bands are
numbered from
the centromere.

 Ex. band 9q34.1

means the 1st
subband of the
4th subband of
the 3rd band of
the long arm of
chromosome 9!

GENE
Gene : a sequence within the
genome that functions by giving rise
to a discrete product (protein or
RNA)
Locus:
a position on a chromosome at
which the gene for a particular trait
resides, locus may be occupied by
any one of the alleles for the gene.

Allele
alternate forms of the same gene
The allele occurring most frequently
in a population wild-type (wt) allele
(the normal allele)
Wt allele is usually dominant and is
expressed as the wild-type phenotype
Wt allele used as standard for
comparison of all mutations of the
gene/locus

GENE ORGANISATION
Operon:
Is a unit of gene expression and
regulation including structural
genes and control elements in
DNA recognised by regulator
gene product/s.

Gene organization

PROKARYOTE

Dogma of molecular
biology

genome<transcriptome<
proteome
1gene10ormoreproteins

DNA Replication

Components of
Replication
process:
helicase
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
VIDIO DNA rep

GENE EXPRESSION

Stages of gene
expression
DNAtranscription

RNAprocessing

DNApreRNA

PreRNAmRNA

Proteinsynthesis

mRNAprotein

posttranscriptional
modification

glycosylation,
lipidolation
limitedproteolysis

initiation
elongation
termination
splicing,editing,
encapping
initiation
elongation
termination

Transcription process

TRANSCRIPTION IS A PROCESS OF
TRANSFER GENETIC INFORMATION FROM
DNA INTO RNA

REQUIRE :
Enzyme RNA polymerase
Eukariot : RNA polymerase II
Prokariot : RNA polymerase
DNA template
4 Nucleotide (ATP, GTP, CTP dan UTP)
RNA elongate in 5 3 direction
begin start codon (AUG )and ending
with stop codon (UAA; UAG dan UGA)

Transcription machine
in bacteria
RNA polymerase
DNA template
strand or
antisense strand
DNA coding
strand = mRNA

Transcription maschine

STAGES IN
TRANSCRIPTION

Eukaryotic : mRNA
processing
A eukaryotic mRNA
is modified in the
nucleus during or
shortly after
transcription

Cont- mRNA processing

1. addition of a methylated cap at
the 5 end
Addintion of poly(A) at the 3 end
Splicing via splicesosome
mRNA is exported from nucleus to
cytoplasm only after all modifications
have been completed