Tema 5.

Bibliotecas digitales
Sistemas de Gestin
Documental

Introduccin

El trmino biblioteca digital tiene

gran variedad de significados.
Destacan 2:

Coleccin de material digitalizado en

una biblioteca tradicional.
Coleccin de toda la informacin digital
y servicios asociados que hacen que la
coleccin sea til para todos los
usuarios.
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Introduccin

A principios de 1990 se realiza un

esfuerzo importante en definir lo que es
una biblioteca digital...

... todava no se ha hecho de forma exacta.

Objetivo de una Biblioteca Digital:

Desarrollar sistemas de informacin que

proporcionen acceso a una coleccin
coherente de material, el cual estar cada vez
ms en formato digital a medida que avance
el tiempo, y permitir explotar completamente
el uso del material por parte de los usuarios.

Introduccin

En comparacin con una biblioteca

tradicional:

Las funciones de las bibliotecas tradicionales de

desarrollo y organizacin de colecciones, acceso
y conservacin de la informacin, deben
extenderse al mbito de las bibliotecas digitales.

Hay que distinguir una biblioteca digital de

un repositorio de informacin (+servicios de
valor aadido a las colecciones digitales).

Introduccin

Principios de las bibliotecas digitales:

Principal audiencia: investigadores noveles y

estudiantes experimentados, no investigadores
expertos ni estudiantes noveles.
Informacin a digitalizar: la de ms difcil
acceso y la que ms se desea promocionar.
No promocionar metadatos, sino informacin
real y completa.
Calidad de materiales, para permitir un buen
trabajo de investigadores.
...

Introduccin

...
Proporcionar acceso a los contenidos de la
biblioteca de forma clara y sencilla. Los
objetos interesan ms que sus descripciones.
Las bibliotecas tradicionales manejan las
colecciones con material de referencia. Las
colecciones digitales deben implementar los
mecanismos adecuados para replicar esta
funcionalidad.
Promocin de la informacin multimedia y de
las colecciones digitales.

Introduccin

Biblioteca digital vs Biblioteca

Automatizada.

La biblioteca digital contiene informacin digital.

La biblioteca automatizada permite el control de
los procesos propios de las bibliotecas de forma
automtica.
Una biblioteca digital no tiene porque estar
automatizada, aunque lo ideal es que se
integren tanto contenidos digitales como
automatizacin de procesos.

Introduccin

El concepto de biblioteca digital ha ido

evolucionando...

Recuperacin de informacin
Automatizacin de bibliotecas
Hipertexto e hiperespacio
Biblioteca electrnica
Biblioteca virtual
World Wide Web

Una primera visin de lo que se esperaba

de una biblioteca digital...
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Introduccin
BIBLIOTECA TRADICIONAL

APROXIMACION
INTERMEDIA

INTERNET COMO
BIBLIOTECA

Los objetos son recursos de

informacin

Los objetos pueden ser cualquier

cosa

Los objetos se seleccionan en

funcin de la calidad

No hay control de calidad ni

barreras de entrada

Los objetos se localizan fsicamente

en algn lugar
Los objetos estn organizados
Existe control de autoridad

Los objetos se localizan

lgicamente en algn lugar

No hay localizacin fsica o lgica

estricta para los objetos
Los objetos no estn organizados
No existe control de autoridad

Los objetos son fijos (no cambian)

Los objetos cambian segn algunos

mecanismos estndares

Los objetos cambian sin ningn tipo

de control o previsin

Los objetos son permanentes (no

desaparecen)

La desaparicin de los objetos est

controlada

Los objetos pueden desaparecer en

cualquier momento

El concepto de autor es importante

El concepto de autor desaparece

Acceso limitado a clases de

usuarios

Acceso ilimitado a todos los

recursos

Se ofrecen servicios

Solo se ofrecen servicios de IA

Hay bibliotecarios

No hay bibliotecarios

Introduccin

Una primera definicin:

Una biblioteca digital es una coleccin

de servicios y objetos de informacin
que permiten a los usuarios trabajar
con dichos objetos, as como la
organizacin y conservacin de
dichos objetos, disponibles directa o
indirectamente, a travs de medios
electrnicos y digitales.
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Definiciones

The new digital libraries will have features not

possible in traditional libraries, thereby extending
the concept of library far beyond physical boundaries.
They will provide innovative resources and services.
One example is the ability to interact with information:
rather than presenting a reader with a table of numbers,
digital libraries allow users to choose from a variety of
ways to view and work with the numbers, including
graphical representations that they can explore. With
the extensive use of hypertext links to interconnect
information, digital libraries enable users to find related
digital materials on a particular topic.

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Definiciones

Digital libraries are organizations that provide the

resources, including the specialized staff, to select,
structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret,
distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the
persistence over time of collections of digital works
so that they are readily and economically available for use
a by a defined community or set of communities.
[Definicin conocida como 5S] Digital libraries are complex
data/information/knowlege (hereafter information)
systems that help: satisfy the information needs of users
(societies), provide information services (scenarios),
organize information in usable ways (structures), manage
the location of information (spaces), and communicate
information with users and their agents (streams).

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Definiciones

Digital library work occurs in the context of a complex design

space shaped by four dimensions: community, technology,
services and content.

The field of digital libraries deals with augmenting human

civilization through the application of digital technology to the
information problems addressed by institutions such as libraries,
archives, museums, schools, publishers and other information
agencies. Work on digital libraries focuses on integrating
services and better serving human needs, through holistic
treatment irrespective of interface, location, time, language and
system. Although substantial collections may be created solely
for the use of individuals, we consider sharable resources one of
the defining characteristics of libraries. Libraries connect
people and information; digital libraries amplify and
augment these connections.

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Definiciones

The Digital Library is:

The collection of services

And the collection of information objects
That support users in dealing with
information objects
And the organization and presentation of
those objects
Available directly or indirectly
Via electronic/digital means.
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Definiciones

Digital library is a concept that has different

meanings in different communities. To the
engineering and computer science community,
digital library is a metaphor for the new kinds
of distributed data base services that
manage unstructured multimedia data. To
the political and business communities, the term
represents a new marketplace for the world's
information resources and services. To
futurist communities, digital libraries represent
the manifestation of Wells' World Brain.

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Definiciones

An organized data base of digital information objects

in varying formats maintained to provide unmediated ease
of access to a user community, with these further
characteristics:

an overall access tool (e.g. a catalog) provides search and

retrieval capability over the entire data base;
organized technical procedures exist through which the library
management adds objects to the data base and removes
them according to a coherent and accessible collections policy

Systems providing a community of users with coherent

access to a large, organized repository of information
and knowledge.

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Definiciones

Digital libraries are a set of electronic resources and

associated technical capabilities for creating,
searching, and using information. In this sense they are
an extension and enhancement of information
storage and retrieval systems that manipulate
digital data in any medium (text, images, sounds; static
or dynamic images) and exist in distributed networks.
The content of digital libraries includes data,
metadata that describe various aspects of the data
(e.g., representation, creator, owner, reproduction
rights), and metadata that consist of links or
relationships to other data or metadata, whether
internal or external to the digital library.

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Definiciones

Digital libraries are constructed -- collected and organized

-- by a community of users, and their functional capabilities
support the information needs and uses of that community.
They are a component of communities in which individuals
and groups interact with each other, using data,
information, and knowledge resources and systems. In this
sense they are an extension, enhancement, and
integration of a variety of information institutions as
physical places where resources are selected, collected,
organized, preserved, and accessed in support of a user
community. These information institutions include, among
others, libraries, museums, archives, and schools, but
digital libraries also extend and serve other community
settings, including classrooms, offices, laboratories, homes,
and public spaces.

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Definiciones

Systems providing a community of users with

coherent access to a large, organized repository of
information and knowledge. This organization of
information is characterized by the absence of prior
detailed knowledge of the uses of the information. The
ability of the user to access, reorganize, and utilize this
repository is enriched by the capabilities of digital
technology.

The generic name for federated structures that provide

humans both intellectual and physical access to the huge
and growing worldwide networks of information
encoded in multimedia digital formats.

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Definiciones

A library that has been extended and

enhanced by the application of digital
technology. Important aspects of the digital
library that may be extended and enhanced
include :

Collections of the library

Organization and management of the collections
Access of the library items and the processing
of the information contained in the items
Communication of information about the items

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Definiciones

A digital library is a distributed technology environment

which dramatically reduces barriers to the creation,
dissemination, manipulation, storage, integration, and reuse
of information by individuals and groups.
A digital library is a machine readable representation of
materials which might be found in a university library
together with organizing information intended to help users
find specific information. A digital library service is an
assemblage of digital computing, storage, and communicate
machinery together with the software needed to reprise,
emulate, and extend the services provided by conventional
libraries based on paper and other material means of
collecting, storing, cataloging, finding, and disseminating
information.

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Arquitectura

Modelo de arquitectura para metadatos:

Dublin Core. 1995. Metadatos para las

caractersticas fundamentales de docs. en red.
Warwick Framework. 1996. Contenedor de
metadatos. Ampliacin del Dublin Core.

Modelos de referencia para la conservacin

de objetos digitales:

Kahn/Wilensky. Mayo 1995.

OAIS (Open Archival Information System).
Modelo de referencia ISO CCSDS 650.0-B-1.
Enero 2002.

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Arquitectura

Dublin Core
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Contenido
Title

Propiedad
Intelectua
l
Creator

Date

Subject

Publisher

Type

Contributor

Format

Rights

Identifier

Ttulo (DC.Title)
Description
Autor o Creador (DC.Creator)
Source
Claves (DC.Subject)
Language
Descripcin (DC.Description)
Relation
Editor (DC.Publisher)
Coverage
Otros Colaboradores (DC.Contributor)
Fecha (DC.Date)
Tipo del Recurso (DC.Type)
Formato (DC.Format)
Identificador del Recurso (DC.Indentifier)
Fuente (DC.Source)
Lengua (DC.Language)
Relacin (DC.Relation)
Cobertura (DC.Coverage)
Derechos (DC.Rights)

Instanciacin

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Arquitectura

Ejemplo de Dublin Core en HTML

<html>
<head>
<title> A Dirge </title>
<link rel = "schema.DC
href =
"http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
<meta name = "DC.Title
content = "A Dirge">
<meta name = "DC.Creator
content = "Shelley, Percy Bysshe">
<meta name = "DC.Type
content = "poem">
<meta name = "DC.Date
content = "1820">
<meta name = "DC.Format
content = "text/html">
<meta name = "DC.Language
content = "en">
</head>

<body>
<pre>
Rough wind, that moanest loud
Grief too sad for song;
Wild wind, when sullen cloud
Knells all the night long;
Sad storm, whose tears are vain,
Bare woods, whose branches
strain,
Deep caves and dreary main, Wail, for the world's wrong!
</pre>
</body>
</html>

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Arquitectura

Warwick Framework

25

Arquitectura

Basada en Kahn/Wilensky

26

Arquitectura

Basada en Kahn/Wilensky

27

Arquitectura

Basada en Kahn/Wilensky

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Arquitectura

Basada en Kahn/Wilensky

Biblioteca compuesta por objetos digitales.

Parte del objeto digital son metadatos y manejador.
Los objetos se pueden agrupar en conjuntos.
Los distintos tipos de materias de la biblioteca digital se
pueden agrupar en categoras.
El interfase de usuario lo utilizan clientes y
administradores.
El repositorio almacena y gestiona los objetos digitales.
El sistema de manejadores asocia identificadores nicos
con objetos digitales.
El sistema de bsqueda permite las consultas.

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Arquitectura

OAIS

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Ejemplo. Construccin de
una Biblioteca Digital
(NDLPUSA)

This document outlines the production process for historical collections at the Library of Congress and reflects that institution's
administrative structure and procedures. Not every collection requires all of the steps listed; some collections require additional steps not
listed. In practice, many of the operations are carried out in parallel and not sequentially. January 1997.

I. Select a collection for digital conversion

A. Analyze Collection
1. Determine scope or extent of digitization (entire or subset?)
2. Assess status of custodial division processing and housing
3. Assess the status of access aids (degrees of completion, readiness, &
format)
4. Assess best format, e.g. full text conversion, scanned page images
5. Assess the physical condition and readiness for scanning
6. Assess restrictions and copyright
B. Consensus on collection among custodial div, NDLP team, & Library
admin

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Ejemplo
II. Plan the approach to digitization
A. Develop method and resource plans for collection preparation & digitization
1. Develop plan for required processing by custodial division
2. Develop preservation treatment plan
3. Complete evaluation of physical condition with recommendations
4. Determine formats for capture, archiving and presentation
5. Determine physical size ( number of characters, images) & special production requirements
B. Determine repository requirements
1. Determine scheme for file name assignment
2. Register aggregate name for collection
3. Estimate required storage space for digital collection
4. Update NDL forecast for storage
5. Evaluate existing finding aids or bib records and develop plan for access aid
6. Develop plan for framework
7. Develop restriction plan & implementation (copyright, terms of gift, publicity and privacy)
a) Find and record restriction facts at collection level
b) Find and record restriction facts at the item level
c) Draft proposal for actions to be taken prior to and at the "release" time
d) Draft restriction statement to accompany online collection
e) Review copyright restrictions
f) Implement action plans
8. Workplan for digitization and access aid completed

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Ejemplo
III. Produce digital collection and access aid
A. Process and house collection
B. Implement preservation treatment plan
C. Item Capture
1. Preparation
2. Image Capture
3. Archive images in repository
4. Text Capture
5. Archive text in repository
6. Audio Capture
7. Video capture
D. Access Aid Development
1. Modify existing finding aid
2. Create new finding aid
3. Item-level finding aid (Bib record-style)
4. Incorporate basic-level links
5. Add enhanced-access links or subject terms
6. Prepare collection-level MARC record for future inclusion in MUMS
E. Access Aid Complete

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Ejemplo
IV. Store in digital archive
A. Store files in directories as specified by naming scheme
B. Register items in URN handle-server (when in use)
C. Deposit items in digital repository (when in use)
D. All items stored
V. Create Framework
A. Draft framework components
B. Review completed framework components
C. Create mockup of HTML document
D. HTML mockup approved
E. Develop and insert hypertext links
F. Coordinate search engine link with ITS
G. Insert final links
H. Add graphic enhancements to HTML pages
I. Mount HTML pages on LCWEB server
J. Review framework for accuracy and completeness
K. Framework completed

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Ejemplo
VI. Assemble digital collection
A. Store access aids in directories as specified by naming scheme
B. Register document-style access aids in URN handle-server(when in use)
C. Deposit document-style access aids in digital repository(when in use)
D. Generate indexes for related MARC records
E. Generate indexes for textual items in collection
F. Prepare customized scripts associated with searching indexes and displaying results
G. Add relevant viewers to supported configuration for WWW access in reading rooms
H. Assembly completed
VII. Test and refine
A. Review assembled collection for accuracy and completeness
B. Test links
C. Make any necessary changes
D. Testing completed
VIII. Release Collection
A. Move HTML pages to production area of LCWEB server
B. Provide links to new collection from appropriate points in LCWEB structure
C. Add collection-level MARC record with pointer in 856 field to MUMS
D. Release digital collection to public
IX. Update

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