Nina Globa, Master in

Public Health
Management, lecturer

Statistical totality, unit of observation,

statistical sighs
The Relative indicators: rates; ratios;
proportions
The measures of central tendency:
arithmetic mean, average; mode; median
Appreciation of the authenticity
(correctness, accuracy) of the relative and
mean indicators

Statistics is a universal science that

deals with the study of the quantity of all
phenomena from society and nature.
Biostatistics is a social science that
studies the quantitative parts of health
phenomena in correlation with their
qualitative parts in concrete conditions
of space and time
Biostatistics has two important features:
1.Study of mass phenomena, not
particularly
2.Studying phenomena in concrete
conditions of space and time

 Historical
Mathematical
Statistical
Epidemiological
Sociological
Psychological
Experimental
Economic etc.

Direct observational method (objective

examination, percussion, palpation,
auscultation)
Extracting information from an official
statistical forms (clinical observation
sheet, ambulatory sheet etc.)
Investigational method (X-ray
examination, level of hemoglobin and
leucocytes etc.)
Monographs (books with scientific
results of somebody research)
Census of population

1.
2.

Material processing is done by

checking and then by grouping
Checking can be of 2 types:
Quantitative
Qualitative
Grouping the information is grouped
in qualitative characteristics (sex,
profession, place of residence) and
quantitative, numerical
characteristics (age, height, weight)

A group that includes a great number of

things, objects, called elements (units
of observation), relatively
homogeneous, taken together on the
basis of common factor in the
boundaries of space and time and
serves as a sample.
Types of statistical totality. There are:
General (integral) statistical totality (N)
Partial statistical totality (sample, n)

General (integral) Statistical Totality (N) is

the summarizing of all observation units,
according to the purpose of the study, which
a possible in specific boundaries of space
and time.
Partial Statistical Totality (sample, n) is
including a part of integral totality chosen
on the selection and integration and is
representative for the selection integration
The requirements for the PST are:
To have available the basic characteristic
features of the integral one:
To have a sufficient number of observations.

Is the primary element of statistical

totality
The number of unit of observation
determines the volume of destined
density.
Observation units characteristics are
called signs.

Depending on characters or expressions

can be:

Attributive (qualitative,
descriptive)
Numerical (quantitative)

Depending on mod of influence:

Factorial sighs are sighs under

whose influences change other
sighs
Result sighs reproduce those
results and are changed under the
influence of factorial sighs

Quantitative characteristics can be:

Continuous take any value (even decimal)
Discontinuous take the appearance of fixed
values, usually of integer numbers (ex.
Number of the children in a family)

Qualitative characteristics may be:

Nominal with a natural ordination of
categories (ex. gender: male & female)
Ordinal with a simple ordination of
categories (ex. Level of education, results of
treatment)

The statistical data obtained during

the research express individual or
group proprieties that usually are
presented using absolute values,
which are difficult to assess, because
there are missing comparison
elements and are used for analyzing
very rarely phenomena.
For a correlative interpretation,
comparative of sighs, groups of
sighs, and based of them integral
totality, relative values and average,
mean values are used

 Absolute

- which is measured in
the unit of measure of the
characteristics (kg, cm, km)
Relative: rates; ratios;
proportions
The measures of central
tendency: arithmetic mean,
average; mode; median

All the relative indicators are based on the

same formula: x/y x 10 ,
where n could be 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000.

Ratio is used to compare the occurrence

of a variable in two different groups
Usually there are two completely
independent groups. If one this group is
included in the other, this ratio is called a
proportion
It is expressed in numbers(1/1; 1,2/1) or
coefficients( %, (ex. female / male is 14 to
10)

Determine the quantitative

distribution of the totality of
components to their total the
structure.

A type of ratio, in which x is part of y.

Is usually expressed in percentages

Rates measure the occurrence of an event

in a population over time
The basic formula for a rates is

number of cases occurring during a given time

period x10

Rate =
_________________________________________________________
population at risk during the same
period

Are always specific to a particular

population. They reflect grouping of
people based on time, place and person.
Time: year, month, week, day or hour;
Place: country, state, city, school,
institution;
Person: age, sex, profession etc.

Ratios, proportions and rates are

used to describe morbidity and
mortality.

Measure the middle of the distribution of a

numerical variable.
is calculated dividing the sum () of the
individual data (x) by the number of
observations (n) ,
when n<120 we take n-1
a) The Simple mean-used for data set when
all values occur one time only.
b) The Weight Mean-used for data set when
some values occur more than one time.
The mean is commonly used to describe
numerical data that is normally distributed.
It is very sensitive to extreme values in the
data set, also known as outliers.

Mode is a value that occurs most

frequently in data set.
Ex.: 3,4,5,6,6,6,7,8,9, Mo=6.
There is no mode if all values are
different.
May be more than one mode: bimodal
or multimodal.
Mode is not used frequently in
practice.

The median divides the ordered array into two equal

parts. The median is the middle point in the observation
data set, then a half of observations are smaller and
half are larger.

The median is less sensitive to extreme values than the

mean is.

Before to calculate median you have to arrange the

observations from smallest to largest or vice-versa

If an odd number of observations, the median Md will be

the (n+1)/2 observation.

If an even number of observation, the median Md will

be the midpoint between the middle two observations.
Ex.: Median of 14 observations is the midpoint between
7th and 8th.

When talking about the authenticity

level of the indicators is understood to
their imagined reality of the
phenomenon in the integral totality
To appreciate the authenticity of the
research means to determine with
what probability the results gained can
transferred from a selective totality to
the integral totality

The standard error (average error) of

the relative values and of the
arithmetic mean.

The limits of confidence

The authenticity of divergence between

the two values after t student test

The authenticity of divergence of

groups compared by the X - test

To determine it is used the following

formula
m (SEp) = (p x q : n)
m = (p x q : (n-1)), if n 120

p relative indicator (ex.: rates,

proportion)
q the difference between the multiplier
(100, 1000, 10000 etc.) and the value of
the relative indicator
n - number of causes under observation

The authenticity of the arithmetic mean is determined using the arithmetic

mean error, which is calculated as:

SEm =

n
SEm - standard error
- standard deviation
n- frequency of causes

EsM =

n -1

120

The size of the error shows with the value of the obtained result by the selective
survey differs from the potential one that we have in general totality. Thus we
can determine the boundaries of trust and the maximum and minimum limits

The formula is:

Mgen = Msel t x m;
Where:
Mgen general totality mean
Msel - selective totality mean

m - arithmetic mean error

t - accuracy criterion

With the help of students t test we

can present the selective results of the
outside limits for the arithmetic mean
in the general totality with different
kind of probabilities (p)

t=1
t=2
t=3

p = 68,26%
p = 95,45%
p = 99,73%

(M1 M2)

t=

(P1 - P2)
t=

(SEM12 + SE M22 )

(SEP12 + SE P22 )

This "t" is called "t - calculated".

If the value of calculate t 1.96, then

between comparable values there is a
significant difference, which is
estimated with a probability of 95%;
If t 3, the difference between the
values is significant with a probability
of 99%;
If t is less than 1.96, between
comparable values the isnt a
significant difference

Thanks

for your
attention!!!