Electric Polarization

Understanding Charge
Dynamics
How a Charge Behave in an
Electric field..?????????

Charge in a Electric field

Movement of the charge based on its mass and charge

velocity and the kinetic energy of an electron or a negative ion

increase as it travels toward a convergent field
Electron velocity decrease when it travels in divergent field
Charge mechanics is influenced by

Property of the medium

Magnitude of the Electric field
Frequency of the electric field
Change in electric field in the space

Everything boils down to finding the minimum energy

So charges will move to reduce the system energy
Neutral particle will polarize to reduce the energy

Dipole An Overview

Two opposite polarity charges separated be a small distance

(compare to observation point)

Dipole in an electric field try to align itself in the direction of

electric field
Neutral particle in the electric field creates dipoles, will feel
force on the electric field
Force on the particle in a electric field depends on

Free charges in the particle

Permittivity of the particle with respect to medium
Gradient of electric field in space
Force try to move the particle to the strong electric field to reduce the
potential energy of the system

Electric field due to dipole vary wrt cube of the distance, so

potential will vary squared

Electric Dipole moment

Electric dipole moment

Measure of the separation of positive and negative
electrical charges in a system of electric charges
Electric dipole moment at a point in the volume

If overall system is charge neutral, than dipole moment is

independent of location

Potential of the dipole falls off faster with distance R than

that of the point charge

Electron mobility-Case study

Charge carrier will move freely from x = 0 to x = d

Charge carrier will be accelerated along the field direction without
encountering any collision
Since constant force is acting on the charge, so it moves in a linearly
increasing velocity, average velocity
Mobility of the charge defined as the velocity per unit electric field
strength
Solid have barrier for electron movement, it contains 10^23 atom
/molecule per cubic cm
(inertia of the electron due
to interaction
Solid have lattice vibration (phonons), which disturb the electron

Electron in solid
An electron (or a hole) will react with the lattice vibrations (phonons) and
other imperfections in the material
Interaction within the material (atomic level), offers an inertia to electron
The term effective mass of the electron (mass of the electron in solid)
Friction forces(inertia due to collision) oppose the electric force, it try to
retard the motion
Mobility in solid
At steady state where dv/dt=0
Collision time is depends on the temperature
Electron also have velocity due to temperature (thermal velocity)

This collision time called relaxation time (time between a

collision), periodicity of the lattice acts as an role (which have effect on
temperature)
So mobility of the electron decreases with increase in electron
Ions are much large in size, probability of ion movement depends on the
probability of the creation of a vacancy next to the moving ion
No ionic conduction take place in the normal temperature

Electromechanical Force

Electrically stressed system exert a force to reduce the

stored energy
If a material with permittivity
is replaced by a material
, so change in the stored energy of the system
Assume a object of permittivity
is placed in a medium of
permittivity
and system is stressed by an uniform and
constant electric field

Force on the Dielectric

boundary

Force acting on the boundary with the tendency of expanding

material 2 into material 1 to increase the volume of material-2
Change in the energy is due to tangential field component

So tangential stress
Normal Stress

Both pt and pn are normal to the boundary, dielectric material having a

higher permittivity to move into the space occupied low permittivity
medium
This forces also creates compressive force in a dielectric placed between
two metal plates
This is also changes shapes of the bubble in the liquid from normal
spherical to spheroid
Dielectrophoretic force
Electrostriction force reason for electronic polarization( change
in volume and density) for symmetrical object (charge)
Non symmetric object reason for orientational polarization

Electrostatic inductionconductor

Electrostatic induction
Depends on the free electron in the material
Conductivity (type of the material)
Molecular interaction in the multi atomic molecule
Lattice structure of the material
Charged insulator with un-charge conductor (reduce the potential energy)

Here A is charged
insulator(bounded source
charge), no effect on A
because of B, not the case with
conductor

Concept of bound charge and free charge, so availability of free

electrons is very important to reduce the electric field in the medium (remwe are not maintaining voltage constant)
Difference between isolated conductor and conductor near to charge source
The availability of free electron, makes conductor polarization is distinct
from other materials
The charge distribution is dependent solely on the geometric shape of the
conductor B.

Electrostatic inductionInsulator

Very low availability of free electrons, so conductor like

electro static induction doesnt occur (we are < critical field)
If any, available charge carrier, it will try to move (like
conductor), creates space charge polarization
Electric field will polarize the material by shifting slightly the
normally symmetrical distribution of electron clouds of
atoms
Dipoles (also) try to orient itself in the direction of
field
Each atom/molecule forms the dipole and orient to form big
dipole
Dielectric will go to the relaxation after removing from
field
Relaxation
Depolarization of dipole happen due to thermal agitation (quantum
mechanics)

Polarization

(a tool for expressing material

response to electric field..)

Electric polarizationDefinition
Electric polarization
Phenomenon of the relative displacement of the
negative and positive charges of atoms or molecules
The orientation of existing dipoles toward the
direction of the field
Separation of mobile charge carriers at the interfaces
of impurities or defect boundary
Electric polarization
Charge redistribution in a material caused by an
external electric field
The work done for the charge re-distribution and energy loss
need a energy source
The potential energy released from the process,
utilized for polarization

Permittivity related charge density and

field produced by it . It is independent of

Permittivity in materials

Vacuum space
Density of the atom
Interaction between atoms
So gases (in a P & T) equals it
Conducting material

This holds only for low frequency and static field, not for very high
frequencies (>microwave), gamma rays just pass through the metal
(charge can't instantaneously respond)

Remember, we are not having constant external supply source,

only potential energy of the charge are considered

Dielectric Material
permittivity
Permittivity also called dielectric constant

Most materials(linear), the dielectric constant is

independent of the electric field strength below
critical field
Dielectric constant depends on
Frequency of the electric field
Molecular and atomic structure
Temperature
Mechanical and physicochemical property of mixture
Electric conductivity
The ratio of the electric field in free space Fo to that filled
with the dielectric material F
Dielectric material, try to arrange
F is the so-called dielectric constant
its neutral atom such that to
reduce potential energy--
So Birth of dipole inside the
dialectic material

Polarization Basics- Simple case

study
Charge on the plate
Bound charge (compensate the Dipole)
Free charge
Polarization
Polarization is depends on number of dipole moment per unit
volume
Average dipole moment

Polarizability
Material with permanent dipole, dipole moment wont lie inline with applied
field ( become tensor)
Direction is Depends on symmetry of the molecule(particle) in the material

Polarizability
It is the scalar quantity
Polarizability a of a particle in a dielectric material is induced by the local field

How to include polarization into

Maxwell Equation
Material placed in a E-field creates dipoles
Need to include this in Maxwell equation
Need a relationship between polarization and dipole moment
Potential can be separated into Bound charge Free charge
potential
Divergence of polarization density
charge density

gives bound

How a dipole moment is related to displacement charge density

(to add it in maxwell equation)

Polarization Vs Dipole
Moment

Dipole moment (without higher order moments) is the

cause for polarization (try to equal it and analyze)

Potential due to both charges (and surface and volume dipole moment)

Maxwell equation inclusion of dipole moment (considering only volume

dipole moment)

Higher order
modes also
contribute to
polarization

Surface dipole moments and its

effect

Potential due to dipole moment contains both surface and volume

integration

Effects due to volume dipole moment is neglected for constant

dipole moment density
Surface charge density

For a spherical object (at the center considering surface charge)

Dipole moment in boundary (interface) assumed to be a smooth

function
Boundary/interface charge density (dipole moment
densityat interface step change ) will give the surface
charge

Time Vs Polarization

Polarization
Elastic displacement of electron clouds of the particles
(atoms and molecules) need less time (0.01ps to 0.1ps)
Movement of the particles
Orientation of permanent dipoles
The migration of charge carriers (electrons or ions)
Dielectric loss
Transition from
some
energy consumed to overcome the inertia resistance
(friction)

Depolarization

Elastic polarization will regain its original (depolarize)

position, due to its elastic action
Refer the first order approximation of polarization

Relaxation time
,time required for the originally
induced charge to decay to 36.7% of its original value.

Polarizability
Average dipole moment density
Polarizability
Average dipole moment per unit field strength of the local
field Flocal
Depends only on the mechanism of polarization
Effective Polarizability
Depends on
Material with high field concentration of conducting charges
Total Polarizability
Polarization p=NFlocal
Ferro electric material Spontaneous polarization mechanism
Susceptibility , relates electric field with Polarization/unit volume

Mechanism of polarization
Charge in an electric field may re-distribute in many ways/mechanism
Intra molecular polarization mechanism Self restoring
Electronics Polarization
It is elastic
Independent of temperature

Atomic/Ionic polarization
It is lattice vibration
Polyatomic material

Inter Molecular thermal vibration restoring

Orientation polarization

Movement of dipole (orientation)

Friction and loss, depends on lattice vibration
In elastic
Polar material
Permanent dipole material
Lossy
Depends on temperature

Material with conductivity (Mobile charge carrier)

Space Charge Polarization

Ferroelectric material
Spontaneous polarization

Types of Electric Polarization

(What drives, material response to a
electric field..)

Types of polarization

A dielectric material is made up of atoms or molecules that

possess one or more of five basic types of electric
polarization
1. Electronic polarization
2. Atomic or ionic polarization
3. Dipolar polarization
4. Spontaneous polarization
5. Interface or space chage polarization
Each type of polarization requires time to perform (have its
own inertia) frequency dependent
Perfect Dielectric material material with no mobile
charges

Electronic Polarization Optical

The electric field causes deformation or translation of the originally

symmetrical distribution of the electron clouds of atoms or molecules.
Displacement of the outer electron clouds with respect to the inner
positive atomic cores creates small dipole
Electronic Polarizability
Depends on

Number of atom per cubic meter

Number of electronics in the outer most cell
Material with Completely filled outer cell has low Polarizability
Group-I elements H,Li,Na,K,Rb & Cs with one electron in outer cell has high
Polarizability

Gases have spare density, so interaction between atoms are negligible

It is elastic, so self restoring
Interaction between dipoles increases the applied electric field seen
by an atom
Intra molecular, so independent of temperature
Very high response time, and negligible loss
Polarization is effective upto optical frequencies (300nm/700nm)

Electronic Polarizability Classical

approach
Columbic force is exerted on electrons, not
surrounding nucleus

Elastic restoring force

Displacement force by applied electric field

Electron cloud move till the force equality
Dipole moment (of an atom)
Polarizability due to Electronic polarization
Depends on volume of the atom

We are discussing only

mono atom, neglecting
interaction between
dipoles, refer clausismosutti equation

Electronic polarization _
Hydrogen
Hydrogen has
Atomic radius of 0.5A
Polarizability
For
displacement is very
small
Susceptibility
=1.57 *10^-24 N
For gas number of atoms per unit volume
N=2.687*10^18 cm^-3 (Loschmidt number)
Susceptibility =4.22 *10^-5
Relative Permittivity of hydrogen
=1+susceptibility =1

Electronic polarization for

spheroid

Many material/gas e.g H & O has diatomic molecule, gases

are formed by molecule H2, O2 .
Molecules are not spherical in shape, so it can be assumed
as spheroid
Here molecule geometry and orientation of the play an
important role
When both field and molecular axis is parallel (Polarizability
is two times higher than single atomic gas)
When field and molecular axis is perpendicular, it has less
Polarizability than parallel one
So orientation of molecule is very important

Atomic/Ionic polarization
Dielectric material consisting of polyatomic molecules (dissimilar)
Poly atomic molecule
Without permanent dipole (NaCl Na+, Cl- ionic bond)
Dipole of each Ion pairs cancels out due to lattice symmetry
and charge neutrality
With permanent dipole (HCl H+, Cl-)
Crystal lattice is less symmetrical
Internal field in +ve ion and ve ion may be different\
Predominantly material with ionic bond
Electro-negativity of both ions are different
So even though , it posses an permanent dipole, it wont align due
to the field
No much contribution of permanent dipole due to electric field
Intra atomic/molecule polarization
Effective upto infrared region
Less loss
Insensitive to temperature

Mechanism-Atomic polarization NaCl

A (Na) is more electropositive (give away its lone outer

most electron), B (Cl) is electronegative
First electronic polarization happens (time =10^-15s), than
ionic polarization happens due to +ve and Ve ions (10^13s)
Molecules always vibrate due to temperature
Elastic restoring force is proportional to the difference
between displacements of neighbouring ions
Harmonic oscillation

Atomic polarization

Assuming harmonic oscillation

For static frequency =0

Ionic and electronic polarizations are related to each other

Ionic polarization happens upto infrared frequency, wont
be observed in optical frequency, because of their high
mass molecule
Resonance of the both ionic and electronic polarization
occurs at different frequency

Orientation Polarization
Orientation of permanent dipoles in the direction of applied
field
Permanent dipole why & How..?
One molecule lends its electron to another
Dipole moment is product of transferred electrons and
its distance
Some ions (NaCl) lattice structured arranged such that
dipole moment always cancels each other (so no use of
orienting it)
CO2, which contains three atoms, bonding structure is
symmetrical and cancroids of both positive and negative
ions are at a same point , so dipole moment is zero
Water constrains permanent dipole moment due to its bonding
angle

Orientation Polarization
Orientation of a molecule involves the energy required to overcome
the resistance of the surrounding molecules
Strongly temperature dependent, decreases with increasing
temperature
Molecules having a permanent dipole moment experience a torque
in an electric field, tending to orient themselves to the field direction
Thermal agitation act as an restoring force
Every point (angle with respect to field direction) in the material
have its own
Activation energy
Thermal energy

Normally dipoles are aligned in the different direction to reduce the

potential energy it is depend on the temperature
Probabilistic approach is used to find how dipole react to the field
orientation Polarizability is much larger than electronic and atomic
polarizabilities at normal conditions

Orientation polarization

Equilibrium state for a dipole between thermal energy and

electric field
Dipole moment is affected by applied field and temperature
in solid and liquid not for gases
So each dipole faces a crystalline field which is influenced by
neighboring dipole and thermal energy vibrations

With applied field and temperature

Potential energy
Multiatomic molecule uo is depends on temperature

Dipole moment

Average dipole moment in the field direction

L Langevin function, it reaches unity in very temperature

with high field
When ration of F/T increase than all dipole moment try to
align toward applied field

Orientation in solids
Dipoles do not rotate freely as do dipoles in
liquids or gases
Rotation is constrained to a few discrete orientations
Determined by interaction of the dipole with
neighbouring ones
crystal structure of solid act as an important role
the potential energy is directly related to the crystalline
field acting on the dipole

Frozen and critical temperature

Many material for T<frozen temperature To Polarizability
is zero
Polarizability is zero when dipole have a same probibility
in both the right and left direction

Potential well & its effect on

field

Field is applied at angle zero

Probability of dipole moving right w
Moving left is 1-w

At T=0K , all the dipoles ordered

Number of dipole pointing one direction = opposite direction

For T<To, there is already a potential energy difference of

U(T)

Spontaneous Polarization

It is the intrinsic phenomena

In ferroelectric materials, electric polarization occurs
spontaneously due to a phase transition at a critical
temperature called the Curie temperature, Tc, without the
help of an external electric field
Some material below Tc will go from non polar structure to a
polar structure BaTiO3
At T>Tc centroid of the negative charges and that of the
positive charges coincide
However, at T <= Tc the cubic structure is slightly
distorted, resulting in a slight displacement of Ba+ and Tiions
Upon the removal of the field, spontaneous Polarization does
not vanish but remains inside the material

Space charge Polarization

Polarization due to mobile and trapped charges
This occurs in amorphous or polycrystalline
solids or in materials consisting of traps. Charge
carriers (electrons, holes, or ions)
Hopping Polarization
Interfacial Polarization

Time varying Field

Polarization

Frequency Dependent Permittivity

Time domain approach
Time required for each polarization
mechanism is different, so many relaxation
frequency are possible
Phase difference between P and E

Frequency domain approach

Polarization Mechanism comparison

Debye Model

Remove the field after polarizing the material

Polarization will decay proportional to the change in the

equilibrium state

Boundary condition t=0,

Dielectric Normal Dispersion

Debye equations ware satisfactory only for condition

, it happens only in dilute solution
Maximum value of complex dielectric constant (loss) occurs
at

Maximum value of tan occurs at

Argand Plot for Dielectric

From Debye equation,

This two equations are parametric equation for circle

Assumption
The local field is the same as the applied field
Conductivity of the materials is negligible
All dipoles have only one identical relaxation time

To account for local field,

Based on Lorentz field equation
Replace the relaxation time

Cole-Cole Plot

Debye equation based on single relaxation time is not sufficient

So distribution of relaxation time is necessary

It allows to broader the normal dispersion curve (broader than

single relaxation time)

Plot is not symmetric like Argand

Effect of conductivity

It adds loss to the system

Change the lost tangent of the material

Dominate in low frequency

Electromagnetic Wave
and Attenuation in
Dielectric media

EM wave scalar frequency domain

Equation

Based on Maxwell equations, we can drive

Using effective conductivity

Loss tangent

Helmholtz Equation

Propagation Constant

EM wave Solution to the 1D source free medium

Attenuation co-efficient

Propagation constant

So Electric field solution

Attenuation constant

Soil Fundamentals

Soil-Overview

Definition1
loose surface of the earth as distinguished from solid bedrock
Definition2
collection of natural bodies of the earths surface, in places modified or
even made by man or earthy materials, containing living matter and
supporting or capable of supporting plants out-of-doors.
Its upper limit is air or shallow water. At its margins it grades to deep
water or to barren areas of rock or ice. Its lower limit is the lower limit
of biologic activity, which generally coincides with the common rooting
depth of native perennial plants, the depth to which soil weathering
has been effective, or both

Forming of soil

Translocation
Transformation
Addition
Losses

Soil forming Process

Soil Harizon

Soil composition
Soil contains
Water

Air

Organic Matter - Humus

Mineral Matter
Pore spaces are the voids between the soil particles filled with water or air
Soil texture

Composition solid particle in the soil based on its physical size

Gravel and Rocks

Sand Large enough to see without magnification >0.05mm
Silt small feel like talcum powder or wheat flour >0.002mm to 0.05mm
Clay smaller than silt and feels sticky and platic when wet <0.002mm

harsh and hard when dry

Organic material

unrecompensed and partially decomposed residues of plants and

animals and the tissue of living and dead microorganisms
contains appreciable quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur
organic matter improves the aeration of soils
increases the water-holding capacity of the soil
contributes to aggregate stability (feeding the micro organism)

Soil texture

Soil texture
determined by the relative proportions
of sand, silt, and clay in the soil
Textural Triangle
A triangle showing the range in limits
for each fraction and the various class
names associated with these limits
Sandy or sand is the part of the name

Need to mention whether there is a

predominance of very coarse sand,
coarse sand, medium sand, fine
sand, or very fine sand
The sand separate which occurs in an
amount greater than any other
separate is used to indicate the name
fine sandy loam indicates a
predominance of fine sand
In case lines cross on a line between
two class names--> , it is customary to
use the name that favors the finer
fraction.

Moisture content & Water Holding

Capacity

Water is held in the pore spaces in the form of films adhering

to the soil particles
Pores
Macropores

Macropores do not hold water well because the water films become too thick
to adhere well to the surrounding soil particles
Water is lost downward as it drains below the root zone by gravity

Micropores

Films of micropore water, resist being drained away by gravity and are
responsible for the water-holding capacity of soils (root tap this water)

Sands

have a lot of macro pores due to their large grain size but few
micro pores. Thus, their water-holding capacity is low although their
drainage is good.
Heavy clay soils that have a lot of micro pores may have a higher
water-holding capacity, but because they have fewer macrospores',
their drainage is poor

Soil dielectric permittivity

model

Soil mixture modeling

Relate the complex dielectric constant of heterogeneous

mixtures to the complex dielectric constant of the constituents.
Soil particles are suspended in the water and air-mixtures
Random arrangement of soil particle in random granule shape

Adsorption of water in the soil surface (colloids)

Depends on surface area

Multiphase (Gas, Liquid, Solid)

So Double charged boundary layer - difficult to model

Main Constituents in soil

Air
Parent material
Water
Organic material

Input to the Model

Dielectric properties of the constituent
Deposition and shape of the constituent
Volume of the each constituents

Difficulties in Multiphase
modeling
Random shape and distribution of solid particle
Dielectric properties of water in soil and bulk is
different
Frequency , temperature dependence of the
water in soil differ greatly from its bulk
properties
Very difficult to model boundary layer

The Semi disperse Model - Darold

Wobschell, 1977
Based on Hanai/Bruggelman/Wagner theory of mixtures
Consider Water as partly partly dispersed and partly the
dispersing medium
semi disperse describes the behaviour of soils containing
moisture in the high-frequency range (1 MHz-1 GHz)
Equivalent series and parallel RC model is given

This Paper try to show

Approximate normal curve is predictable from extension of
existing dielectric theories of mixtures
Relates variation dielectric permittivity to the ionic
conductivity of the water also try to explain degree of
dispersion in water in the soil

Hanai/Bruggelman/Wagner theory of
Mixtures

Complex dielectric constant in a two phase heterogeneous object.

Wagner Theory
Derived for spheres widely dispersed in a medium , both or
conducting dielectrics
Calculate E-field in both the material using boundary condition
Soils assumed a spherical average
Works in the diluted mixture but this is not the case in soil

Bruggelman
Try to find permittivity (real) by infinitesimal addition of
disperse phase by reducing the dispersing medium
Works to calculate real permittivity

Hanai
Implemented Bruggelman for complex permittivity with two
phase mixture

Hanai Method for Two Phase mixture

For two phase mixture (d-disperse phase, m-medium)

Real value of the above third order equation

Imaginary Part

Find the correct root from the three roots obtained in the above
solution based on high frequency limit
Know which phase is disperse and which dispersing
Derivation was done assuming volume of disperse phase is very very
less than dispersing
, but found aprox valid for 0.7 upto
0.95

Hanai Model with

low dielectric solid
Variation of dielectric
constant with frequency
occurs only when
1. L is conducting
2. very high dielectric
constant at low freq, if L
is disperse and
conducting
3.Predicts different
results for H disperse
4. Relaxation time of
conductor-dielectric
must be less than
the E field time
harmonic period
5. Water assume pure

Semi-Dispersive Soil Model

Soils contain irregular particle containing crevices and pores (gradulay
filled by water)
No single dispersive Phase obvious over the entire range of moisture
content
Water and particles are mutually interdispersed
Try to apply two-phase HBW method to multi phase system (soil)
Hypothetical intermediate phase (based on pearce et all)
Hypothetical Phase Moist-particle phase
solid particle within which water-filled crevices or micro pores are
dispersed and around which is water coating.
Here water is disperse phase

Moist-particle and air disperse is assume to be dispersed

in the water dispersing medium
Here water is the dispersing medium

Effective fraction of water dispersed is an important

parameter

Semi-dispersive technique

Calculation have four stage with different dispersive and

dispersing medium, Soil particle have crevices and pores in
it
Find the permittivity of a hypothetical conducting particle
phase
Consisting of a non conducting solid with crevices
containing water
Here soil particle is dispersed in the small amount of
water
The water is having a ionic conductivity
Calculate permittivity of moist soil phase
Conducting water is dispersed in pores within the
conducting particle
Moist-particle phase is now dispersed in the ordinary water
(less conductivity) without air
Voids containing air is dispersed in the above air-free phase

Semi-dispersive model
Implementation

At very high frequency, change in permittivity assumed negligible

Permittivity of solid particle assumed 3.5 irrespective of soil type
with no frequency dependent dispersion
Pore water has conductivity due to dissolved salt
Each step we have one disperse phase and dispersing medium
with its volumetric content and dielectric constant
Various volume fraction has to be taken care with respect to over
all soil
volume fraction of disperse phase in the two phase system

- Volume fraction soil as a whole

Volume fraction of non conducting soil

Void volume fraction, soil porosity

Volume fraction of Air

volume fraction of water in the crevices depends on volume fraction of

crevices in the soil particle

Semi-dispersive model Volume fraction

For high water

For low water

Assumption made -> water first fill the crevices capillary

action
Volume fraction of conducting solid phase (soil particle
+water in crevices)

Since soil is not fully saturated, so only part of the void is

considered dispersed
also
Third stage, non dispersed water , which act like dispersing
medium

First & second stage

First Stage
Solid particle is dispersed in the small amount of crevice
water

Permittivity of non conducting soil particle with conducting

water particle medium
Distinction between micro-crevice conductivity and pore
conductivity

Second stage
Water is considered dispersive in the pore

Third and Fourth stage

Third Stage
Moist-particle disperse phase is water dispersing medium (in the air-free
phase)

Fourth Stage
Air is considered dispersed in the third stage hypothetical mixture phase
Over all permittivity of the soil is

Three step process

In this step 1 & 2 is merged by assuming a particle conductivity as a
parameter, considers the micro-crevices conductivity
It is depends on frequency dependence of the
Since in the first step disperse phase is low conductivity and low
dielectric constant, so effect of elimination of first step is less

Input parameters
This method have many parameters, some can be kept fixed by
varying the other
Normally volume fraction of water and frequency is varied to
obtain the final value
Here soil permittivity is assumed 3.5
Water permittivity is assumed 80
For most soil void fraction vary between 0. 3 to 0.6, here 0.5 is
taken
Water conductivities chosen between 0.01 to 50 mmho/m
Higher water content will have less conductivity due to dissolved salts dilution
Hypothetical Volume fraction of void water and micro crevice is
used as a parameter to fine tune the value as per with observed
data

Parameter variation study for different

&

High and low frequency permittivity limit

index

High-to-low-frequency limit index

As we know, high frequency limit is independent of the

water conductivity and strongly depend on volume fraction
of the soil
Conductivity index

Break frequency fx

Break frequency for dielectric constant and conductivity

Frequency at which permittivity is equal to average of both low
and high frequency permittivity

Low-high frequency index and break frequency index are

matching with the experimental results

Theoretical Dielectric constant Limit

Low frequency limit
It is mainly depends on water dispersion and its
conductivity
High frequency limits
It can't be more than the volume fraction weighted
average of individual constituents permittivity
Mainly depends on volume fraction of water and its
dispersion
At zero volume water content act as a full soil
Water conductivity also act as an important\
Role in low frequency

In very optical frequency only soil particle

Dominate the permittivity

Polynomial interpolation

High frequency limit of soil found by using an approximate

expression, which relate volume fraction of soil, with its
dispersion parameters
Use polynomial interpolation
The High frequency permittivity Limit

High frequency conductivity limit

Approximation is accurate for +/- 5% for

Equivalent circuit

Approximate frequency dependent of permittivity can be found

using D and Fx

The above model contains same break frequency for both

dielectric constant and conductivity (possible only for high value of
)
Alternative circuit based method

1. arulananandan 4 capacitor and 4 resistor

Sachs and Spiegler simplified method

Conclusion

The given value better accurate for sand than clay soil
Sand is match with spherical low dielectric solid
Clay also matches at high frequencies (0.3-3GHz)
Adequate fit in the high frequency is obtain at =0.9 and
=0.7
Values are experimentally matching with the tuning of
parameters

Conclusion

Increase in Dielectric constant of the soil with different

water content independent of soil type at High Frequencies

Observation of author from old

literature

Lack of all inclusive successful model to explain the

observed anomalous dispersion
Influence of the factors have been studied as a isolated
cause
The primary cause of the dielectric and conductivity
dispersion is the dispersion of electric potential field due to
heterogeneities in the electrical properties of different
phases in the media to make energy is minimum

FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL

DISPERSION OF SOILS-Theivanayagam (1995)
Concentrate on A theoretical frequency-domain general solution for the
electric dispersion of soils
Takes in to account
Particle shape
Frequency
Mineralogy
Pore fluid type
Soil fluid interaction
Porosity
Anisotropy
Electrical dispersion of the soil is affected by
Ratio of effective permittivity and conductivity of solid particle and fluid
Solid fluid interaction is depends on
Volumetric content of particle, water, void
Surface area of the soil particle (clay)

Engineering property of porous media (multiphase)

Mechanical behavior of mixture
Physciochemistry interaction

Debye Model
Bhagat and kadaba, Univ of kentucky
In general Complex curve fitting based on
experimental data (used)
Bhagat..at el study suggest
Bergmann modification of the Debye equation -fit
experimental data on 12% moisture content soil
Below 1 GHz -need to consider
Residual surface effects
Intermediate forms of bound water.
Work well for 12% moisture content, for all value of frequency
(but to account for all soil-texture and moisture content
need to limit the applicable frequency to 1GHz and above)
No parameter to account a moisture content of the soil

Baghat and Kadaba using

Debye

Relaxation models based on a modification of the Debye

equation
Material with permanent dipole moments can be described by a
modification of the Debye equation due to Cole and Cole
For soils at lower microwave frequencies , the ionic
conductivity is very important

Static Dielectric constant for pure water

Soil contain many relaxation process, modeled in terms of

super position of two debye processes (Bergmann et al) (based
on weight factor)

First Soil Permittivity model

Experimental results were matched with the relaxation

models for a spectrum of freq

Require to find the unknown values of model (5 to 8) with

defined upper and lower boundary
Steepest descendent method or Newton Raphson methods
were used
The values are based on starting parameter bias
Starting vector defines the local minima of the convergence
of the least square

Results

The experimental results obtained for 12% (g H20/g soil)

soil sample
Relaxation time obtained is longer than pure free water

Comparison between the experimental and theoretical values of the attenuation

constant, a, in nepers/m for 30% volumetric water content at 24 C (o = 3 10
-2 mho/m)

Conclusions

For 1GHz and above the relaxation process is predominantly due to water than the
nature of the soil
ion exchange characteristics of soil material are negligible above 500 MHz.
Static permittivity of 5 has been used for as a compromise between dry soil and
the high frequency limit for pure water
Distribution factor shown as 0.3
Value of conductivity 6.6 mho/m assumed for the theoretical calculations, gives
very good agreement.
below 1 GHz, the influence of the soil definitely needs to be taken into account in
describing the relaxation process.
A mixture relation such as the one described by Deloor [10] can be used
The effect of this mixture relation is to shift the relaxation frequency from that of
pure water.
For spherical particles, the shifts are the least and increase for other shapes.
Another effect which might become important below 1 GHz and is probably more
plausible, is the phenomenon of two dimensional surface conductivity, so shape
and size of the soil particle will change the relaxation frequency (for surface
charge polarization)
At high frequencies, the mobility of these charge carriers becomes too low to
follow the alternations of the e-m field and the granules behave as a dielectric
inclusion without surface effects
Intermediate form of the Bound water also play a role

Experimental Technique
Suitable Experimental technique
Based on water content(conductivity)
dielectric constant of the material
Frequency of interest
Sample preparation

Experimental Technique
Static measurement
Time domain
Frequency Domain

Slotted line waveguide (shorted waveguide)

Waveguide dimension and sample dimension is depends on frequency
E.g. rect.wave guide of 4.755/2.215cm with sample size of 1.67cm thick for freq
G Band (4-8GHz)
Redheffer & Westphall
Suitable for dielectric constant of <20 and <15% moisture content

Time domain reflectrometry

Co-axial cable is filled with the material (careful on density variation) (20cm long
7mm ID)
Transmission based (?)

Model-2 Hoekstra & Delaney (US Army

CRREL)

Measurement from 0.1 to 20GHz, Temp=-20 to 24 Deg.C

Relaxation spectrum of water in soil is shift lower than bulk
water
Relationship between volumetric water content and
dielectric constant
Relation between volumetric moisture content and complex
dielectric constant is independent of soil type
Dielectric constant reduces in above freezing temperature
Phase composition of water in soil important for below
freezing tem0erature
Experimental result were taken for frequency 100MHz to
26GHz for various volumetric moisture content and
temperature

Low frequency dielectric

constant

Smith-Rose, Scott et all

Very high dielectric constants for frequency below (<10kHz)
Interfacial polarizations in heterogeneous media causes high
dielectric constant
At low frequency dielectric constant is inversely
preoperational to the frequency
Dielectric constant levels of (5-30 based on water) at the
frequency around (10MHz)
Dielectric constant at low frequency
Relative high value of conductivity
The conductivity of the saturated soil is around 0.1mho/m
to 0.01 *10^-6 mho/m (for sand)
Contribution of conductivity for the dielectric loss factor upto
the frequency of 1MHz mask the effect of relaxation process

Relation between water content and conductivity

When the water content of his samples exceeded10 % by weight,

substantial decrease of the dielectric constant and an increase in tan
delta at frequencies between 100M to 10GHz were observed
Dry material have less dispersion on the microwave frequencies (so
no freq dependent)

Relaxation in Water

The Debye relaxation spectrum of water in

bulk
Maximum loss factor occurs between (811GHz) for T>0
Static Dielectric constant of the water

Measurement using
VNA

Using reflection and transmission co-efficient

S Parameter based measurement, convert S Parameter to complex
dielectric constant
Measurement is depends on material, frequency and application
Some Measurement method using VNA
Transmission/reflection line method(TEM, TE)
Open ended coaxial probe method (TEM, TE)
Free space method (TEM)
Resonant method (TE & TM)
Conversion procedure employed to convert S-Parameter to complex
dielectric constant
Nicolson-Ross-Weir method,
NIST iterative method,
New non-iterative method,
Short circuit line method

Transmission and reflection method

Placing a sample in a section of waveguide or coaxial line and

measuring the two ports complex scattering parameters with a
vector Network analyzer (VNA).
S11 & S21 is measured
The VNA is first calibrated at the connector calibration plane and
the material under test (MUT) is placed in a sample holder
Eliminate the effect of sample holder shifting the calibration
plane have to be done
Advantage
Both permittivity and permeability can be measured
Only waveguides or co-axial cables required
Material with medium and high loss can be characterized

Disadvantage
Measurement accuracy is limited by the air-gap effects
Low accuracy , if sample length is multiple of th
wave length

Open ended co-axial Probe

It the non-destructive method
Probe is pressed against a specimen or immersed into the liquids
Reflection co-efficient is measured S11
Probe is assumed as two
Calibration of probe system
port S parameter network,
Calibration carried with libration liquid
equations were derived to
Another way
relate reflection in
Calibration of connector plane
connector plane to probe
Use the simulated model of
aperture plane

of the probe
The permittivity is then calculated
from the reflection coefficient at
the probe aperture
Advantage
No machining of sample
many measurement with
single calibration
Disadvantage
Air gap between probe and sample
only S11 reflection co-efficient is used

Contribution paper

Sach & Spiegler 1964 (semi theoretical mixing formula) &

dispersion 1-300MHz (three element circuit model)
Thevanayagam 1992- heterogeneous mixture mechanism,
dispersion model
Okonski 1959 Physciochemistry property
Schwarz and Arulanandan(1968) , mechanism and
dispersion property in low frequency

Dielectric properties

in 1909 Lorentz [5] showed that the dielectric properties of a

substance could be directly related to the polarizabilities of
the individual atoms of which it was composed, with a
particularly simple and exact relationship
the Clausius-Mossotti relation (or Lorentz-Lorenz) an
array of polarizable points can accurately approximate the
response of a continuum target on length scales that are
large compared with the interdipole separation

 Bargmann modification of debye and

deloor mixing model
Model of delanay

More than one relaxation processes

By Hoekstra and Delaney

Attenuation co-efficient

Attenuation co-efficient

Effect of local field

Based on Lorentz field equation
Replace the relaxation time

Atomic Polarization

Susceptibility of dielectric
Relative permittivity
Susceptibility