Objectives

In this session, you will learn to:

Use various operators:
Arithmetic
Arithmetic Assignment
Unary
Comparison
Logical
Use conditional constructs
Use looping constructs
Using Arrays

Using Operators
Applications use operators to process the data entered by a
user.
Operators in C# can be classified as follows:
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic Assignment operators
Unary operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are the symbols that are used to
perform arithmetic operations on variables.
The following table describes the commonly used arithmetic
operators.
Operator

Description

Example

Used to add two

numbers

X=Y+Z;
If Y is equal to 20 and Z is equal to 2, X will have the
value 22.

Used to subtract two

numbers

X=Y-Z;
If Y is equal to 20 and Z is equal to 2, X will have the
value 18.

Used to multiply two

numbers

X=Y*Z;
If Y is equal to 20 and Z is equal to 2, X will have the
value 40.

Used to divide one

number by another

X=Y/Z;
If Y is equal to 21 and Z is equal to 2, X will have the
value 10.
But, if Y is equal to 21.0 and Z is equal to 2, X will
have the value 10.5.

Used to divide two

numbers and return the
remainder

X=Y%Z;
If Y is equal to 21 and Z is equal to 2, X will contain
the value 1.

Arithmetic Assignment Operators

Arithmetic Assignment
Arithmetic assignment operators are used to perform
Operators
arithmetic operations to assign a value to an operand.
The following table lists the usage and describes the
commonly used assignment operators.
Operator

Usage

Description

X = 5;

Stores the value 5 in the variable X.

+=

X+=Y;

Same as:
X = X + Y;

-=

X-=Y;

Same as:
X = X - Y;

*=

X*=Y;

Same as:
X = X * Y;

/=

X/=Y;

Same as:
X = X / Y;

%=

X%=Y;

Same as:
X = X % Y;

Unary Operators

Unary Operators
Unary operators are used to increment or decrement the
value of an operand by 1.
The following table explains the usage of the increment and
decrement operators.
Operator

Usage

Description

Example

++

++Operand;
(Preincrement operator)
Or,
Operand++;
(Postincrement operator)

Used to
increment the
value of an
operand by 1

Y = ++X;
If the initial value of X is 5, after the
execution of the preceding statement,
values of both X and Y will be 6.
Y = X++;
If the initial value of X is 5, after the
execution of the preceding statement,
value of X will be 6 and the value of Y will
be 5.

--

--Operand;
(Predecrement operator)
Or,
Operand--;
(Postdecrement)

Used to
decrement the
value of an
operand by 1

Y = --X;
If the initial value of X is 5, after the
execution of the preceding statement,
values of X and Y will be 4.
Y = X--;
If the initial value of X is 5, after the
execution of the preceding statement,
value of X will be 4 and the value of Y will
be 5.

Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values and
perform an action on the basis of the result of that
comparison.
The following table explains the usage of commonly used
comparison operators.
Operator

Usage

Description

Example
(In the following examples, the value of
X is assumed to be 20 and the value of
Y is assumed to be 25)

<

expression1 <
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is less than
expression2

bool Result;
Result = X < Y;
Result will have the value true.

>

expression1 >
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is greater than
expression2

bool Result;
Result = X > Y;
Result will have the value false.

<=

expression1
<=
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is less than or
equal to expression2

bool Result;
Result = X <= Y;
Result will have the value true.

>=

expression1
>=
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is greater than or
equal to expression2

bool Result;
Result = X >= Y;
Result will have the value false.

Comparison Operators (Contd.)

Comparison Operators (contd..)

Operator

Usage

Description

Example
(In the following examples, the value of X is
assumed to be 20 and the value of Y is
assumed to be 25)

==

expression1 ==
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is equal to
expression2

bool Result;
Result = X == Y;
Result will have the value false.

!=

expression1 !=
expression2

Used to check whether

expression1 is not equal to
expression2

bool Result;
Result = X != Y;
Result will have the value true.

Logical Operators

Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to evaluate expressions and
return a Boolean value.
The following table explains the usage of logical operators.
Operator

Usage

Description

Example

&&

expression1 &&
expression2

Returns true if
both expression1
and expression2
are true.

bool Result;
string str1, str2;
str1 = Korea;
str2 = France;
Result= ((str1==Korea) &&
(str2==France))
Console.WriteLine (Result .ToString());
The message displays True because str1
has the value Korea and str2 has the
value France.

! expression

Returns true if the

expression is
false.

bool Result
int x;
x = 20;
Result=(!( x == 10))
Console.WriteLine(Result.ToString());
The message displays True because the
expression used returns true.

Logical Operators (Contd.)

Logical Operators (contd..)

Operator

Usage

Description

Example

||

expression1 ||
expression2

Returns true if either

expression1 or
expression2 or both of
them are true.

bool Result
string str1, str2;
str1 = Korea;
str2 = England;
Result= ((str1==Korea) || (str2== France))
Console.WriteLine (Result .ToString());
The message displays True if either str1 has
the value Korea or str2 has the value
France.

expression1 ^
expression2

Returns true if either

expression1 or
expression2 is true. It
returns false if both
expression1 and
expression2 are true
or if both expression1
and expression2 are
false.

bool Result;
string str1, str2;
str1 = Korea;
str2= France;
Result = (str1== Korea) ^ (str2== France);
Console.WriteLine (Result .ToString());
The message False is displayed because both
the expressions are true.

Using Conditional Constructs

Using Conditional Constructs

Conditional constructs allow the selective execution of
statements, depending on the value of expression
associated with them.
The comparison operators are required for evaluating the
conditions.
The various conditional constructs are:
The ifelse construct
The switchcase construct

The ifelse Construct

The ifelse construct

The ifelse conditional construct is followed by a logical
expression where data is compared and a decision is made
on the basis of the result of the comparison.
The following is the syntax of the ifelse construct:
if (expression)
{
statements;

}
else
{
statements;

The ifelse Construct (Contd.)

The ifelse construct (contd..)

The ifelse constructs can be nested inside each other.
When ifelse construct is nested together, the construct
is known as cascading ifelse constructs.

The switchcase Construct

The switchcase construct

The switchcase construct is used when there are
multiple values for a variable.
The following is the syntax of the switchcase construct:
switch (VariableName)
{
case ConstantExpression_1:
statements;
break;
case ConstantExpression_2:
statements;
break;

The switchcase Construct (Contd.)

The switchcase construct

(contd..)
case ConstantExpression_n:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
break;

Demo: Calculator Using Conditional Constructs Conditional

Constructs

Calculator using conditional

Problem Statement:
constructs
Write a program that emulates a calculator. The calculator
should be able to perform the following mathematical
operations:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

Using Loop Constructs

Using Loop constructs

Loop structures are used to execute one or more lines of code
repetitively.
The following loop constructs are supported by C#:
The while loop
The dowhile loop
The for loop

The while Loop

The while loop

The while loop construct is used to execute a block of
statements for a definite number of times, depending on a
condition.
The following is the syntax of the while loop construct:
while (expression)
{
statements;

The dowhile Loop

The dowhile loop

The dowhile loop construct is similar to the while loop
construct.
Both iterate until the specified loop condition becomes false.
The following is the syntax of the dowhile loop construct:
do
{
statements;
}while(expression);

The dowhile Loop (Contd.)

The dowhile loop (contd..)

The following figure shows the difference between the do
while and while loop construct.
while

do while

Execute body
of Loop
Evaluate
Condition
False

True
Evaluate
Condition

True

False
Execute body
of Loop

The for Loop

The for loop

The for loop structure is used to execute a block of
statements for a specific number of times.
The following is the syntax of the for loop construct:
for (initialization; termination;
increment/decrement)
{
statements
}

The for Loop (Contd.)

The for loop(contd..)

The following figure shows the sequence of execution of
a complete for loop construct.
Initializat
ion

False

Evaluate
Condition

True

Body of
the for
Loop
Increment/
Decrement

Exit the
for Loop

Demo: Fibonacci Series Using Loop Constructs

Fibonacci series using Loop

Problem Statement:
constructs
Write a program that generates the Fibonacci series up to 200.

The break and continue Statements

The break and continue

statement
The break statement is used to exit from the loop and
prevents the execution of the remaining loop.
The continue statement is used to skip all the subsequent
instructions and take the control back to the loop.

Implementing Arrays

Implementing Arrays
An array is a collection of values of the same data type.
The following figure shows the array structure in the
systems memory.

Index

Index

Value 0

Value 6

Declaring an Array

Declaring an array
An array needs to be declared before it can be used in a
program.
You can declare an array by using the following statement:
datatype[] Arrayname;

Let us understand the explanation of the various elements

of the array declaration through an example.

Declaring an Array (Contd.)

Declaring an array (contd..)

int[ ] Score;

Datatype
Is used to specify the
data type for the
elements

Declaring an Array (Contd.)

Declaring an array (contd..)

int[ ] Score;

[]
Is used to specify the
rank of the array

Declaring an Array (Contd.)

Declaring an array (contd..)

int[ ] Score;

Arrayname
Is used to specify the
name of the array using
which the elements of the
array will be initialized and
manipulated

Initializing and Assigning Values to Array

Initializing and Assigning values

to Array
In C#, you can initialize the array variable and can assign
values to the array elements. In addition, you can copy the
array variable to another variable.
During initialization, you need to use the new keyword to
create an instance of the array. In addition, the size of the
array is also specified while it is initialized.
The following is an example of array initialization:
int[] Score; // Array declaration
Score = new int[10]; //Array Instance

Initializing and Assigning Values to Array (Contd.)

Initializing and Assigning values to

Array (contd..)
You can assign values to each element of the array by using

the index number, which is called the array subscript of the

element.
The following is an example of assigning values to the array:
int[] Score = new int[3];
Score[0]=10;

Or
int[] Score={5,10,15};

When you copy the array variable, both the source and target
variable refer to the same array instance in the memory.
The following is an example of copying the array variables:
int[] Source = new int[10] {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
int[] Target= Source;

Manipulating Array Elements

Manipulating Array elements

When an array is initialized, you can access the element
values and manipulate them.
The foreach loop is specially used for manipulating arrays.
The following is the syntax of the foreach loop:
foreach (type identifier in expression)
{
//statements
}

Manipulating Array Elements (Contd.)

Manipulating Array elements

(contd..)
The following is the example of foreach loop:
int[] Numbers = { 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, 9, 5 };
Console.WriteLine("The Contents of an Array
is:");
foreach (int K in Numbers)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} \t",K);
}

Multidimensional Arrays

Multidimensional Arrays
The rank value of the array is also known as the dimension
of the array.
The array can be single dimensional or multidimensional.
Single dimensional array stores data in a row.
Multidimensional array stores data using different
dimensions.
The following figure is a graphical representation of values
stored in a single dimensional array and a multidimensional
array.
int [] Num;

int[,] Num;
0

1
0

Multidimensional Array(Contd.)

Multidimensional Arrays
(contd..)
You can create a two dimensional array like as shown
below:
int[ , ] myArray;
myArray=new int[3,4];
or
int [ , ] myArray=new int[3,4];
this creates as array having 3 rows and four columns.
You can also initialize two dimensional array by following
their declaration with a list of initial values enclosed in
braces:
int[ , ] myArray={ {0,0,0},{1,1,1}};

Summary

Summary
In this session, you learned that:
Operators are used to compute and compare values and test
multiple conditions.
You use arithmetic operators to perform arithmetic operations on
variables like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
You can use arithmetic assignment operators to perform
arithmetic operations and assign the result to a variable.
The unary operators, such as the increment and decrement
operators, operate on one operand.
Comparison operators are used to compare two values and
perform an action on the basis of the result of the comparison.
Logical operators are used to evaluate expressions and return a
Boolean value.

Summary (Contd.)

Summary (contd..)
Conditional constructs are used to allow the selective execution
of statements. The conditional constructs in C# are:
ifelse
switchcase

Looping constructs are used when you want a section of a

program to be repeated a certain number of times. C# offers the
following looping constructs:
while
dowhile
for

The break and continue statements are used to control the

program flow within a loop.