Prokaryotic,

unicellular

No nuclues but with nucleoloid

No mitochondria
No lysosomes
Have unique cell wall to resist osmotic

stress

ASSIGNMENT:
differentiate
prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic

cells

from

 Morphology
Cell arrangement
Growth characteristics
Antigens and Phage susceptibility
Biochemical characteristics

 Family

group of related genera

Genus group of related species

Type sets of strain within a specie
Example: specie name has 2 parts (GENUS
and SPECIES)
Genus is capitalized
Both should be underlined or italics

 Streptococcus
Streptococcus
S. pyogenes

pyogenes
pyogenes

 Plasmids
Extra chromosomal DNA usually present

in multiple colonies
Function:
Code for pathogenesis and antibiotic
resistance factors
Bacterial replication

 Cell

envelope

All bacteria have cell membrane for oxidative

phosphorylation
Outside the cell membrane is a rigid cell wall
which protect it from lysis

Gram pos has thicker peptidoglycan layer

for cell wall than gram neg
Gram neg has additional outer
membrane and has periplasmic space
Gram pos secrete exoenzymes and
performs extracellular digestion

 Flagella

locomotory organelles

Move the cell by rotating with a

propeller-like action

 Pili

hair like projections

Involved in sexual conjugation

Allow adhesion to host epithelial

surfaces in infection

Add crystal violet

Fix with iodine ALL BACTERIA
REMAIN PURPLE OR BLUE
3. Add alcohol decolorizes gram neg
but not gram pos
4. Add Safranin
1.
2.

(+) stained purple

(-) stained pink

ID Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

Staph aureus

clusters/tetrads

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. epidermidis

clusters

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. saphrophyticus

clusters

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. haemolyticus

clusters

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. hominis

tetrads and clusters

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. capitis

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. schleiferi

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. warneri

Gram-Positive Cocci

S. lugdenenis

Gram-Positive Cocci

10 Strep pyrogenes (gr. A)

chains

Gram-Positive Cocci

11 S. agalactiae (gr. B)

chains

Gram-Positive Cocci

12 E. faecalis

clusters

Gram-Positive Cocci

13 E. faecium

Gram-Positive Cocci

14 Enterococci (other)

chains

Gram-Positive Cocci

15 S. pneumoniae

lancet shaped diplococci,

Gram-Positive Cocci

16 S. mutans group

chains, or short rods

Gram-Positive Cocci

17 S. salivarus group

Gram-Positive Cocci

18 S. sanguis group

Gram-Positive Cocci

19 S. mitis group

Gram-Positive Cocci

20 S. angiosus group

chains

Gram-Positive Cocc

ID

Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

21

Abiotrophica defective

Gram-Positive Cocci

22

A. adiacens

Gram-Positive Cocci

23

S. milleri

Gram-Positive Cocci

24

S. bovis

chains

Gram-Positive Cocci

25

N. gonorrhea

diplococci

Gram-Negative Cocci

26

N. meningitides

diplococci

Gram-Negative Cocci

27

Moraxella catarrhalis

diplococci, short chains

Gram-Negative Cocci

28

C. diptheriae

club shaped in "V" or "L"

Gram-Positive Bacilli

29

C. jeikenium

Gram-Positive Bacilli

30

C. urealyticum

Gram-Positive Bacilli

31

Lactobacillus sp.

Gram-Positive Bacilli

32

Bacillus anthracis

long with endospores

wide

33

B. cereus

large endospore former

Gram-Positive Bacilli

34

Listeria monocytogenes

motile, non-spore former

Gram-Positive Bacilli

35

Erisipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Gram-Positive Bacilli

36

Arcanobacterium bemolyticum

Gram-Positive Bacilli

37

Escherichia coli

mixed rods

Gram-Negative bacilli

38

Klebsiella pneumoniae

encapsulated - thick caps

Gram-Negative bacilli

39

Proteus spp.

rods

Gram-Negative bacilli

40

Morganella

Gram-Negative bacilli

ID

Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

41

Providencia

42

Salmonella enterica

long

narrow

43

Shigella boydii (serogroup C)

long

narrow

44

S. dysenteriae (serogroup A)

long

narrow

45

S. flexneri

long

narrow

46

S. sonnei (serogroup D)

long

narrow

47

C. freundii

Gram-Negative bacilli

48

C. koseri

Gram-Negative bacilli

49

Enterobacter cloacae

Gram-Negative bacilli

50

E. aerogenes

Gram-Negative bacilli

51

S. marcecescens

Gram-Negative bacilli

52

Vibrio cholera

slightly curved to straig

Gram-Negative bacilli

53

V. parahaemolyticus

slightly curved to straig

Gram-Negative bacilli

54

V. vulificans

slightly curved to straig

Gram-Negative bacilli

55

Aeromonas hydrophila

Gram-Negative bacilli

56

Plesiomonas shigelloides

Gram-Negative bacilli

57

Actinobacter baumanii

long

narrow

58

A. lowfii

long

narrow

59

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

tuft of polar flagella

Gram-Negative bacilli

60

Pseudomonas sp

long

narrow

Gram-Negative bacilli

ID

Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

61

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

long

narrow

62
63

P. fluroescens
P. putida

long
long

narrow
narrow

64

Burkholderia cepacia

Gram-Negative bacilli

65

Alkaligenes

Gram-Negative bacilli

66

Haemophilus

variable

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

67

H. influenzae

variable, small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

68

H. parainfluenzae

small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

69

H. duceyi

small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

70

HACEK group

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

71

Haemophilus aphrophilus

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

72

Actinobacter actinomysetemcomitans

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

73

Cariobacter hominis

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

74

Eikenella corrodens

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

75

Kingella kingii

coccobacilary short rods

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

76

Bordatella pertussis

small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

77

Pasturella multocida

small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

78

Brucella sp.

79
80

Campylobacter
C. jejuni

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc
curved
curved rods to spiral

S-shaped or spiral
Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

ID

Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

81

C. coli

spiral

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

82

C. fetus

spiral

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

83

Capnocytophaga

84

Francisella tularensis

small

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

85

Helicobacter pylori

spiral

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

86

Legionella pneumophila

stain poorly

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

87

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Bacteria sans cell wall

88

M. hominis

Bacteria sans cell wall

89

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Bacteria sans cell wall

90

Bacteroides fragilis group

Gram-Negative Bacilli

91

B. fragilis

92

B. distansonis

Gram-Negative Bacilli

93

B. thetaiotaomicron

Gram-Negative Bacilli

94

B. uniformis

Gram-Negative Bacilli

95

Proteus vulgaris

Gram-Negative Bacilli

96

B. ovatus

Gram-Negative Bacilli

97

B. uniformis

Gram-Negative Bacilli

98

Bacteroides sp

99

B ureolyticus

100 Bilophila wadsworthia

Gram-Negative Bacilli/Coc

saftey pin appearance

Gram-Negative Bacilli

not B. fragilis group

Gram-Negative Bacilli
Gram-Negative Bacilli

ID

Name

Morphology

Gram Stain

101

Porphyromonas species

Gram-Negative Bacilli

102

Prevotella

Gram-Negative Bacilli

103

Fusobacterium

Gram-Negative Bacilli

104

Clostridium sp

Gram-Positive Bacilli

105

C. perfringens

short, wide spore forming

Gram-Positive Bacilli

106

C. botulinum

spore forming

Gram-Positive Bacilli

107

C. tetani

spore forming

Gram-Positive Bacilli

108

C. septicum

109

C. difficile

form spores

Gram-Positive Bacilli

110

Acinomyces israeli

filamentous, sulfur granu

Gram-Positive Bacilli

111

Propionibacterium acnes

Gram-Positive Bacilli

112

Eubacterium

Gram-Positive Bacilli

113

Lactobacillus sp.

Gram-Positive Bacilli

114

Bifidobacterium

Gram-Positive Bacilli

115

Veillonella

116

Peptostreptococcus

117

Peptococcus

Gram-Positive Bacilli

Bacterial Nutrition, Growth

and Energy Metabolism
O2

requirements

Obligate aerobes grow in the presence of O2

Obligate anaerobes killed by O2
Facultative anaerobe performs both

fermentation and aerobic respiration

Aerotolerant anaerobe respire anaerobically
but survive in the presence of O2
Microaerophilic bacteria grow in low
concentration of O2 but are killed at higher
O2 concentration

Bacterial Nutrition, Growth

and Energy Metabolism
Temperature
Grow in variety of temperatures
Mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles

pH
Grow best in neutral pH but can still

survive or grown in alkaline or acidic pH

Nutrient

requirement

Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,

sulfur and metal ions including iron

Normal Bacterial Flora

Human

body routinely harbors 10 14 bacteria

Normal microbial flora is stable with specific
genera populating various body regions
during particular periods in an individuals
life
Skin, nails, eyes, oropharynx, genitalia, GIT

Cause

disease among immunocompromised

hosts
Viruses and parasites are not part of the
normal flora

Normal Flora of Skin

S.

epidermidis skin
S. aureus nose and perineum
Micrococci skin (M. luteus)
Diphtheroids skin (axilla)
Alpha hemolytic Steptococci mouth
Gram negative bacilli - skin

Normal Flora of the nail

Generally

similar to that seen in the

skin
Example: dust particles carrying
fungi and bacilli
Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Cladosporium and Mucor are the
major types of fungi under the nails

Oral and Upper Respiratory

Traxt Flora
Pharynx

and trachea contain alpha

and beta hemolytic streptococci
anaerobes, staphylococci,
neisseriae, diphteroids are also
present
Potentially pathogenic organisms are
also found in the pahrynx
Haemophilus, mycopalsma and
pneumococci

Gastrointestinal Tract
GIT

contains bacteria swallowed with

food and those dislodged from the mouth
Helicobacter spp can colonize the
stomach and are associated with gastritis
and PUD
Most bacteria are also transient
In the jejunum and ileum bacterial
populations increases with streptococci,
lactobacilli, bacteroides and
bifidobacteria predominating

Urogenital Flora
Bacteria in the vagina depends on the age, pH
and hormonal levels
Lactobacillus spp predominates in female infants
From 1 month to puberty, diphtheroids, S.
epidermidis, streptococci and E.coli
predominates
during puberty a woman acquires adult flora L.
acidophilus, corynebacteria, peptostreptococci,
staphylococci, sterptococci, bacteroides
After menopause, pH rises and flora returns to
prepubescent females

Yeast (Candida) are found in the vagina

Conjunctival Flora
Sparse
When

positive samples show

bacteria: corynebacteria, neisseriae,
moraxellae
Staphylocci and streptococci are also
present
Haemophilus parainfluenzae may be
present in 20% of isolates

Bacterial Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis

is a multifactorial
process which depends on the
immune status of the host, the
nature of the species or strain
(virulence factors) and the number
of organisms in the initial exposure

Kochs postulate
1. The organism must always be found in humans
with the infectious disease but not found in healthy
ones
2.The organism must be isolated from humans with
the infectious disease and grown in pure culture
3. The organism isolated in pure culture must
initiate disease when reinoculated into susceptible
animals
4. The organism should be re-isolated from the
experimentally infected animals

Postulate 3 and 4 are extremely important in definite

proof of the role of agent

Adhesion
Infections

are usually initiated by

adherence of the microbe to a
specific epithelial surface of the host
Is not non-specific stickiness
Specific interactions between
external constituents on the
bacterial cell (adhesins) and on the
host cell (receptors)

Penetration and Spread

Invasion

can refer to the ability of an

organism to enter a cell although in
some instances it can mean further
passage into the systemic
vasculature

Tissue injury
Bacteria

can cause injury thru

exotoxins, endotoxins and non
specific immunity and specific
humoral and cell mediated immunity

Exotoxin
Effects

are usually seen acutely and

since they are sufficiently potent
that serious side effects often result
Botulism, anthrax, cholera, diphteria
If the host survives, neutralizing antibodies
(anti-toxins) are often elicited that neutralize
the effect of the exotoxin

Exotoxin
Classes:
Toxin which act extracellularly:

(proteases, collagenases, hyaluronidases)

Loosens up connective tissue matrix allowing
the organism to spread thru the tissue readily
Example Exfoliatin of S. aureus in scalded
skin syndrom

Exotoxin
A-B toxin
consist of two components - one binds to cell
surface and the other passes into the cell
membrane or cytoplasm where it acts
Diphtheria toxin produced by

Corynebacterium diphtheriae which is

coded by the phage tox gene
Cholera toxin
Shiga toxin
Botulinum neurotoxin tetanospasmin
Membrane damaging toxins

Endotoxins
Are

toxic components of the bacterial

cell envelope
The classical and most potent is
lipopolysaccharide
Non specific inciters of inflammation

Endotoxin versus
Exotoxin

Endotoxin versus
Exotoxin

Definition of terms

Infection replication of organism in the tissue

of a host
Inapparent (subclinical)
Carrier (permanent or intermittent)

Infectiousness is the transmission of organism

from a source or reservoir to a susceptible
individual
Incubation period is the interval in the preclinical
period bet the time at which the causative agent
1st infects the host and the onset of clinical
symptoms
Transmission is most likely during the incubation
period for some diseases such as measles

Chain of infection

transmission
Contact

transmission

Direct or indirect
Droplet spread

Common

vehicle transmission

Food-borne salmonellosis
Waterborne shigellosis

Airborne
PTB

Vector

transmission

borne transmission