Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Rathus
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Early Childhood:
Cognitive Development
Jean Piagets
Preoperational Stage
Imaginary Friends
More common among first-born and only children
Egocentrism
Only view the world through their own perspective
Three-mountain test
Precausal thinking
Transductive reasoning
Animism
Artificialism
What is Conservation?
Properties remain the same even if you change the shape or
arrangement
Preoperational children fail to demonstrate conservation
Centration
Irreversibility
Evaluation of Piaget
Piaget underestimated preschoolers abilities
Three-mountain test
Errors attributed to demands on child and language development
Causality
Logical understanding appears more sophisticated
Conservation
Approach may mislead child
Impulse control
Heavy tv viewing negatively effects impulse control
Exposure to educational tv may have positive effect
Commercials
Couch-Potato Effects
A Closer Look
Helping Children Use
Television Wisely
Theory of Mind
What Is A Mind?
How Does It Work?
Preschool-aged children
Predict and explain behavior and emotion by mental states
Beginning to understand source of knowledge
Elementary ability to distinguish appearance from reality
Development of Memory
Creating Files and
Retrieving Them
Recall
Reproduce material without any cues
Preschool children
Recognize more than they recall
Autobiographical memory
Linked to development of language skills
Interest Level
Individual interest and motivation
Retrieval Cues
Younger children depend on retrieval cues from adults
Parental elaboration improves childs memory
Types of Measurement
Younger children are limited in measurement by use of verbal reports
Language Development
Why Daddy Goed Away
Whole-object assumption
Assume words refer to whole objects, not parts or characteristics
Contrast assumption
Assume objects have only one label
Overregularization
Strict application of grammar rules
Represents advances in syntax
Passive Sentences
Young children have difficulty understanding passive sentences
Do not use passive sentences
Pragmatics
Adjust speech to fit the social situation
Between 3- and 5-years, develop more pragmatic skills
Represents the ability to comprehend other perspectives
Inner speech
Initially childrens thought are spoken aloud
Eventually language becomes internalized
Language functions as self-regulative