Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Macroeconomics, 4/e
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER12
Technological
Progress
and Growth
Olivier
12-1
Technological Progress
and the Rate of Growth
Macroeconomics, 4/e
2 of 32
Technological Progress
and the Production Function
Lets denote the state of technology by A and
rewrite the production function as:
Y F (K ,N ,A)
(+ + + )
Macroeconomics, 4/e
3 of 32
Technological Progress
and the Production Function
Technological progress reduces the number of
workers needed to achieve a given amount of
output.
Technological progress increases AN, which
we can think of as the amount of effective
labor, or labor in efficiency units. in the
economy.
With constant returns to scale,
2 Y F ( 2 K ,2 A N )
More generally,
xY F (xK ,xA N )
Macroeconomics, 4/e
4 of 32
Technological Progress
and the Production Function
The relation between output per effective worker
and capital per effective worker is:
K
F
,1
AN
AN
Y
K
f
AN
AN
Y
Macroeconomics, 4/e
5 of 32
Technological Progress
and the Production Function
Figure 12 - 1
Output per Effective
Worker Versus
Capital per Effective
Worker
Because of
decreasing returns to
capital, increases in
capital per effective
worker lead to
smaller and smaller
increases in output
per effective worker.
Macroeconomics, 4/e
6 of 32
Interactions Between
Output and Capital
The dynamics of output and capital per worker
involve:
The relation between output per worker and
capital per worker.
I S sY
Dividing both sides by AN, we get
Y
s
AN
AN
I
Macroeconomics, 4/e
7 of 32
Interactions Between
Output and Capital
The dynamics of output and capital per worker
involve:
The relation between investment per worker
and capital per worker.
K
f
Given that
AN
AN
K
sf
then
AN
AN
Macroeconomics, 4/e
8 of 32
Interactions Between
Output and Capital
The dynamics of output and capital per worker
involve:
The relation between depreciation per worker
equivalently, the investment per worker
needed to maintain a constant level of capital
per workerand capital per worker.
K ( g
or equivalently ( g
)K
)K
( g
K
AN
Macroeconomics, 4/e
9 of 32
Interactions Between
Output and Capital
Figure 12 - 2
Dynamics of Capital
per Worker and
Output per Effective
Worker
Macroeconomics, 4/e
10 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
11 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
12 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
13 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
14 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
15 of 32
Table 12-1
gA
gA
Labor
gN
Capital
gA + gN
Output
gA + gN
Macroeconomics, 4/e
16 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
17 of 32
Figure 12 - 3
The Effects of an
Increase in the
Saving Rate: I
An increase in the
saving rate leads to
an increase in the
steady-state levels of
output per effective
worker and capital
per effective worker.
Macroeconomics, 4/e
18 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
19 of 32
12-2
The Determinants of
Technological Progress
Macroeconomics, 4/e
20 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
21 of 32
The Appropriability
of Research Results
If firms cannot appropriate the profits from the
development of new products, they will not
engage in R&D. Factors at work include:
The nature of the research process. Is there
a payoff in being first at developing a new
product?
Legal protection. Patents give a firm that has
discovered a new product the right to exclude
anyone else from the production or use of the
new product for a period of time.
Macroeconomics, 4/e
22 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
23 of 32
12-3
The Facts of
Growth Revisited
Macroeconomics, 4/e
24 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
25 of 32
1950-1973
(1)
1973-2000
(2)
Change
(3)
1950-1973
(4)
1973-2000
(5)
Change
(6)
France
4.8
2.1
-2.7
5.3
1.6
-3.7
Japan
7.1
2.1
-5.0
7.0
1.4
-5.6
United Kingdom
3.4
1.7
-1.7
3.7
1.9
-1.8
United States
2.7
1.2
-1.5
2.9
1.4
-1.5
Average
4.5
1.8
-2.7
4.7
1.6
-3.1
Macroeconomics, 4/e
26 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
27 of 32
Macroeconomics, 4/e
28 of 32
12-4
Figure 12 - 5
Protection from
Expropriation and
GDP per Capita
There is a strong
positive relation
between the degree
of protection from
expropriation and the
level of GDP per
capita.
Macroeconomics, 4/e
29 of 32
Figure 1
Moores Law, Number
of Transistors per
Chip, 1970-2000
Moores Law
predicts that the
number of
transistors in a
chip would
double every 1824 months.
Macroeconomics, 4/e
30 of 32
The Importance of
Institutions: North and
South Korea
Figure 1
PPP GDP per
Capita, North and
South Korea,
1950-1998
Macroeconomics, 4/e
31 of 32
Key Terms
appropriability
patents
Moores Law
Macroeconomics, 4/e
32 of 32