CC 606 : HYDROLOGY

Chapter 2 :Type Of Rainfall

NAME :

REG NO :

NORFARHANA AIN BINTI

ZAINAL ARIFF

01DKA10F2036

ZURHAYATI BINTI MAT ESA

01DKA10F2041

NURUL HUSNA BINTI

MOHAMED ROSHIDI

01DKA10F2043

SOLEHUDDIN BIN JAMAL ABD

NASER

01DKA10F2045

NORSYAMIMI BINTI KHOSIDI

01DKA10F2047

SITI RASHIDAH BINTI ABD RAZI

01DKA10F0270

Artificial
Rainfall

Introduction
Artificial rainfall isalso known asCloud Seeding.

Cloud seeding is a weathermodification system

that aims toboost precipitation or rain
byintroducing condensation nucleisuch as salt or
dry ice

1 Stage
st

The first stage is Agitation. That is

usingchemicals to stimulate the air mass
upwindof the target area to rise and form
rainclouds. The chemicals used during this stage
are calcium chloride, calcium carbide, calcium
oxide, a compound of salt and urea, or a
compound of urea and ammonium nitrate. These
compounds are capable ofabsorbing water
vapor from the air mass , thus stimulating the
condensation process

nd

Stage

The second stage is called Building-up stage.

Here the cloud mass is built up
usingchemicals such as kitchen salt, the T.1
formula, urea, ammonium nitrate, dry ice,
andoccasionally also calcium chloride to
increase nuclei which also increase the
density of the clouds

3 Stage
rd

In the third stage of bombardmentchemicals such as

super-cool agents:
silver iodide and dry ice are used to reach the most
unbalanced status
which builds up large beads of water (Nuclei) andmakes
them fall down as raindrops. Theprocess is called
seeding

THESERADD
ARS
KEEPUPTO
DATE
INFORMATIO
NOF
THEWEATHE
R CHANGES.

Disadvantages
[1]

The Chemicals used in the production ofartificial rain could

affect climatic patterns, ecosystem, water sources and the soil.

[2] Once started this process isuncontrollable.

[3] Cloud Seeding causes Flood's, Hurricane's and

which result's in loss ofmany lives.

Thunderstorm's

Convectio
nal
Rain(olaka
n)

INTRODUCTION
Convection occurs when the Earth's surface,
mainly in the equatorial region, within a
conditionally unstable, or moist atmosphere,
becomes heated more than its surroundings,
leading to significant evaporation.
It falls as showers with rapidly changing
intensity.
Convective precipitation falls over a certain
area for a relatively short time, as convective
clouds have limited horizontal extent.

Orographic Rainfall

What is orographicrainfall?
The word "orographic" means that it is
related to mountains.
Orographic rainfall is when a parcel of air
containing water vapor gets to a
mountain ,it is then forced upwards (the
mountain blocking its way ).
As the parcel of air is forced upwards, it
expends (adiabatic expansion ) and also
cools. As it cools ,it becomes saturated
because the amount of water it can hold
decreases ,so the water vapor begins to
condense and finally falls as rain.

 At mountainous regions, air drops down

over the high ground, gaining temperature
and increasing the amount of water it can
hold.

That is why the flat regions below

mountains hardly experience rain, and this
area is known as rain shadow.

Orographic Rainfall

Orographic Effect

Fronta
l
Rainfa

What is Frontal
Rainfall?
Frontal rainfall can be defined as the rising of a warm air
mass over a cool air mass. This is then followed by
condensations and felling of rainfall.

Frontal rain is rain that occurs as a result of meeting the hot

air mass and cold air mass.

Frontal Rainfall occurs when

Two air masses meet, one a warm air mass and one a
cold air mass.
The lighter, less dense, warm air is forced to rise over the
denser, cold air.
This causes the warm air to cool and begin to condense.
As the warm
occurs and rain

air is forced to rise further condensation

is formed.

Frontal rain produces a variety of clouds, which bring

moderate to heavy rainfall.

Stage 1.
An area of warm air meets and area of
cold air.
Stage 2.
The warm air is forced over the cold air
Stage 3.
Where the air meets the warm air is
cooled and water vapour condenses.
Stage 4.
Clouds form and precipitation occurs

Cycloni
c
Rainfall

What is Cyclonic
Rainfall???
Cyclonic or 'frontal' rain occurs
where two air masses meet and
form a 'front'. The warmer,
moisture laden air rises over the
colder air as a 'warm front'. As the
air rises it cools, and its relative
humidity increases. Clouds form
as water vapour condenses, and
then fall as rain

Where does frontal/cyclonic rain fall

occur?
"Frontal/Cyclonic rain is caused by cyclonic
activity and occurs along fronts.
It is formed when two air masses of different
temperature, humidity and density meet such
as the meeting of a tropical maritime air mass
and a polar air mass.
A zone called a front separates them. At the
warm front, the lighter warm air rises gently
over the heavier cold air which remains close
to the ground.

As the warm air rises, it expands and

cools and condenses to form clouds
(altostratus). The rain falls steadily for a
few hours to several days.
At the cold front, the cold air forces warm
air up aggressively, causing it to rise
quickly and condense, forming
cumulonimbus clouds.
The heavy rain that falls is of short
duration. Such rain is usually associated
with temperate depressions (temperate
cyclones).

Cyclones form in which month?

from May till June and then

from September till October
monsoon season
15 April to 15 Julyand also
after its withdrawal that is 15
September to 15 December

DESTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS IN TROPICAL

CYCLONES

Cyclone producing heavy

rainfall and high winds

A mosque is submerged after

Cyclone Yemyin made landfall

Fully formed tropical cyclone with an eye,

eyewall, and circulating rain bands

References
http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-f
rontal-rainfall
http://www.winapedia.org/2013/04/type
s-of-rainfall-frontal-rain.html
http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geograph
y/weather-and-climate/revise-it/rainf
all-types