02 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
3GRPESS MODULE 1
NSN Siemens Networks
RN31542EN10GLA0
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Objectives
After this module the participant shall be able to: Understand the main cellular standards and allocated
frequency bands
Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface
including HSPA technology
Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their main
tasks
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Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
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Module Contents
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
IMT-2000 frequency allocations
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

HSPA technology
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Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
WCDMA - FDD
WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
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IMT-2000 frequency allocations
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PCS
2150
2200 MHz
IMT-2000
Europe
UMTS
(FDD)
Japan
USA
Mobile
Satellit
e
ITU
Mobile
Satellit
e
Mobile
Satellit
e
2100
IMT-2000
Mobile
Satellit
e
UMTS
(TDD)
IMT-2000
2050
Mobile
Satellit
e
PCS
UMTS
(FDD)
PCS
unlicensed
PHS
GSM
1800
DECT
IMT-2000
2000
Mobile
Satellit
e
UMTS
(TDD)
1950
Mobile
Satellit
e
IMT-2000
UMTS
(TDD)
(TDD)
1900
Mobile
Satellit
e
1850
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
I
1920 1980 MHz
II
1850 1910 MHz
New in Release 5
III 1710-1785 MHz
New in Release 6
IV 1710-1755 MHz
V
824-849MHz
VI 830-840 MHz
New in Release 7
VII 2500-2570 MHz
VIII 880-915 MHz
IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz
2110 2170 MHz

1930 1990 MHz
UMTS only in Europe, Japan

US PCS, GSM1900
1805-1880 MHz
GSM1800
2110-2155 MHz
869-894MHz
875-885 MHz
US 2.1 GHz band

US cellular, GSM850
Japan
2620-2690 MHz
925-960 MHz
1844.9-1879.9 MHz
GSM900
Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
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Module Contents
UMTS Air interface technologies

WCDMA FDD
WCDMA vs. GSM
CDMA principle
Processing gain
WCDMA codes and bit rates

HSPA technology
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UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD
solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
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WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
10
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WCDMA Technology
Users share same time and frequency

Frequency
WCDMA
Carrier
3 .8 4 M H z
f
5 M Hz
5+5 MHz in FDD mode

5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
11
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
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Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
G S M 9 0 0 /1 8 0 0 :
12
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3 G (W C D M A ):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA
GSM
5 MHz
200 kHz
118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz
2 Hz or lower
Quality control
Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity
5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Carrier spacing
Frequency reuse factor
Services with
Different quality
requirements
Packet data
Downlink transmit
diversity
Efficient
packet data
13
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Load-based packet
scheduling
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Not supported by the
standard, but can be
applied
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2
F1
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
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Macro BTS
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1
Air Interface
g
n
i
d
a
e
r
p
Des
+1
-1
+1
Data
15
-1
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Energy Box
Received Bit
Fr
eq
ue
nc
y
Ba
nd
Power/Hz
Originating Bit
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Duration
(t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
BUT
Same Energy per Bit
16
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Power density (Watts/Hz)
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit
rate
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:
17
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W
G p dB
R
sec
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Power density
(W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.9
8 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Power density
(W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10
dB
Frequency (Hz)
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Spreading sequences
have a different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
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WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading
operation
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,
defines physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit
rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users
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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots
CHANNELISATION codes:
Pilot
CODE 1
BCCH
P-CPICH
Pilot
BCCH
User 1
CODE 2
User 2
P-CCPCH
User 3
SUM
CODE 3
User 1
DPCH1
CODE 4
User 2
DPCH2
Time
3.84 MHz
RF carrier
SCRAMBLING
CODE
CODE 5
User 3
DPCH3
3.84 MHz bandwidth

21
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RF
DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0

In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between
users of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation
between different channels can be guaranteed

Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
22
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Channelisation Code Tree

SF=
1
SF=
2
C2(0)=[11]
C0(0)=[
1]
C2(1)=[11]
23
SF=
4
SF=
8
C8(0)=[111111
11]
SF=1
C6(0)=[......
16
......]
C16(1)=[......
C4(0)=[111
......]
C16(2)=[......
1]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1- ......]
C16(3)=[......
1]
......]
C16(4)=[......
C8(2)=[11-1-111- ......]
C16(5)=[......
1-1]
C4(1)=[11-1......]
C16(6)=[......
1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
......]
C16(7)=[......
......]
C16(8)=[......
C8(0)=[1-11-11......]
C16(9)=[......
11-1]
C4(2)=[1......]
C16(10)=[......
11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
.....]
C16(11)=[........
...]
C16(12)=[....
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1- .......]
C16(13=[......
11]
C4(3)=[1-1.....]
C16(14)=[....
11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111- .......]
C16(15)=[....
1]
.......]
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...
SF=25 SF=51
6
2
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Half rate speech

Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
RSymbol
24
SF
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Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
rate
HSDPA
Coding
Codingrate
rate Coding
Codingrate
rate
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
25
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55codes
codes
10
10codes
codes
15
15codes
codes
1/4
1/4
600
600kbps
kbps
1.2
1.2Mbps
Mbps
1.8
1.8Mbps
Mbps
2/4
2/4
1.2
1.2Mbps
Mbps
2.4
2.4Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
1.8
1.8Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
5.4
5.4Mbps
Mbps
2/4
2/4
2.4
2.4Mbps
Mbps
4.8
4.8Mbps
Mbps
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
4.8
4.8Mbps
Mbps
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps 10.7
10.7Mbps
Mbps
9.6
9.6Mbps
Mbps
14.4
14.4Mbps
Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2
4)
26
22xxSF2
SF2++
22xxSF4
SF4
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps 2.88
2.88Mbps
Mbps
Coding
Codingrate
rate
11xxSF4
SF4
22xxSF4
SF4
1/2
1/2
480
480kbps
kbps
960
960kbps
kbps
3/4
3/4
720
720kbps
kbps
1.46
1.46Mbps
Mbps 2.88
2.88Mbps
Mbps 4.32
4.32Mbps
Mbps
4/4
4/4
960
960kbps
kbps
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps 3.84
3.84Mbps
Mbps 5.76
5.76Mbps
Mbps
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22xxSF2
SF2
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to
get the scrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
27
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Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling
code C1
C1 +
+
1
C1+2
UE has simultaneous connection

to two cells (soft handover)
28
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C2
Scrambling
code C2
RAKE Receiver
Cell-1
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Cell-1
Output
Cell-1
Cell-2
Delay 3
Delay 2
Code used
for the
connection
Delay 1
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

29
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Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
30
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Module Contents
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
HSPA technology
31
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Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all

the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by

several RRM functionalities
service quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
32
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cell coverage
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC
PS
RM
AC
For each cell
LC
Load Control
AC
Admission Control
PS
Packet Scheduler
RM
Resource Manager
PC
Power Control
HC
HO Control
PC
HC
For each connection/user
33
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Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and
PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)
Load change
info
LC
Load
status
NRT
load
34
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AC
PS
Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload
Overload
threshold x
Load Margin
Load Target
threshold y
Power
Normal load
Time
Free capacity
35
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Measured load
Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned
coverage or quality of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks

Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
Connection QoS definition

Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
36
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Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to
non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately

Based on QoS priority level of the connection
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)

PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
37
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Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC
in co-operation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM
allocates:
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type
Scrambling codes
Uplink
User separation
Downlink
Cell separation
Users
within one cell
Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same
UE
38
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Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly
in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference

between users
Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increases interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each
link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required

power for each connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in
propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
39
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Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power
minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target:
min(Prx1)
&
min(Prx2)
About equal when
Ptx1
Ptx1
UE2
UE1
40
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Rb1 = Rb2
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control

Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target
RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on
connection quality
Fast closed loop power control

Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target
(SIR target)
Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation
Change of transmit power according to received power control command
41
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Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop
Power Control
42
BLER target
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UL Outer Loop
Power Control
RN
C
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept
constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted
according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
43
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Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
44
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Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover
Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and
handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Radio link performance is improved during soft handover
Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
Received signal strength
BS1
Soft handover
Threshold
BS2
BS2
BS3
BS3
Distance from BS1

45
BS1
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Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA
frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1f
f1f
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2f
46
f2f
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f2f
f2f
Module Contents
HSPA technology
47
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Module Contents
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
48
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Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)

The introduction of 3G made use of uplink and
downlink dedicated channels to transfer user
plane and control plane data in CELL_DCH
Uplink and Downlink

Dedicated Channels
Node B
Applicable to
All 3GPP Releases
Uplink air-interface capacity defined by
maximum planned increase in uplink
interference
Downlink air-interface capacity defined by
downlink transmit power capability
Cell_DCH
CS and PS services
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In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA for
transferring packet switched user plane data in
the downlink direction
Applicable to
3GPP Release 05
HSDPA
Uplink Dedicated
Channels
Node B
The Node B scheduler assigns timeslots &

codes to specific UE to allow access to the
HSDPA downlink transmit power
PS services
HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power

allocation and so has a direct impact upon
downlink capacity
The resource shared between multiple HSDPA
users is the HSDPA downlink transmit power
Cell_DCH
50
NSN RAS05, RAS05.1
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels

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3G has further evolved to include HSUPA for
transferring packet switched user plane data in

the uplink direction
Node B
Applicable to
HSDPA
HSUPA
3GPP Release 06
NSN RAS06, RU10
HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference

allocation and so has a direct impact upon
uplink capacity
The resource shared between multiple
HSUPA users is the uplink interference
The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power
ratios to specific UE to allow a contribution

towards the total increase in uplink interference
Cell_DCH
PS services
51
CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels

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Module Contents
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
52
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Physical Channels for R99 UE
Node B
DPDCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
R99 DPCH
DL CHANNELS
DPCH includes
DPDCH
DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates
Signalling radio bearers
User plane radio bearers
Dedicated
53
UL CHANNELS
DPCH includes
DPDCH
DPCCH Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates
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Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE

UL CHANNELS
DPCH includes
DPDCH
HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK
DPDCH encapsulates
Node B
Dedicated
1-4 x HS-SCCH
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
HSDPA
Associated DPCH
Common
DL CHANNELS
DPCH includes
DPDCH
DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates
HS-PDSCH encapsulates
HS-SCCH provides
Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,
transport block size, HARQ process, redundancy

and constellation version, new data indicator, UE
identity
54
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Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)
Dedicated
55
Common
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E-DCH AGCH
1-4 x HS-SCCH
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
E-DCH HICH
E-DCH RGCH
F-DPCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
1,2,4 x E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
Node B
UL CHANNELS
E-DPCH includes
E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit
DPCH includes
DPDCH
HS-DPCCH CQI, ACK/NACK
E-DPDCH encapsulates
DPDCH encapsulates
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)

DL CHANNELS
DPCH includes
F-DPCH TPC
E-DCH RGCH
E-DCH HICH
E-DCH AGCH encapsulates
Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope
Dedicated
56
Common
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E-DCH AGCH
1-3 x HS-SCCH
1-15 x HS-PDSCH
E-DCH HICH
E-DCH RGCH
F-DPCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
HS-DPCCH
1,2,4 x E-DPDCH
E-DPCCH
Node B
HS-PDSCH encapsulates
HS-SCCH provides
Channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size, HARQ

process, redundancy and constellation
version, new data indicator, UE identity
Module Contents
HSPA technology
Channel types
Physical Channels
Principle of HSPA
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HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
-A
H
-B
DC
H C
C
D HDC
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
g
lin
u
d
he
c
S
C
B,
A,
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)

Fast pipe is shared among UEs
58
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H
DC
E
-A
H
DC
E-
-B
H
DC
E
-C
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)

Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL
Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling
HSDPA Overview
15 Code
Shared
transmission
16QAM
Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
59
RN31542EN10GLA0
Fast Link
Adaptation
Advanced
Scheduling
HS-PDSCH Transmit power

The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels
Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS
HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA
HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter
HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation
Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power
Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
Ptx
Cell maximum
TX power
Maximum
HSDPA power
(PtxMaxHSDPA)
Ptx
Cell maximum TX power
HSDPA
HSDPA
NonHSDPA
power
Common chs
60
HSDPA power is limited by the

PtxMaxHSDPA parameter
RN31542EN10GLA0
Non-HSDPA
power
Common chs
Time
HSDPA power is not limited, all available

power can be allocated to HSDPA
Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
Time
Maximum code allocation for HSDPA

Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA
Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available

Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI
15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal
limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)
Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users)
Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16
Case1:
15 HS-PDSCH codes
SF=32
Codes for common
channels in the cell
SF=64
Up to three HS-SCCH codes
SF=128
Case2:
SF=256
Used by AMR user only one

SF128 code remains for associated
DCH
Codes for associated DCHs and

non-HSDPA users
Case1+2:
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH

61
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256

available for the 3rd UE for
associated DCH
RN31542EN10GLA0
HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates
12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported
Minimum inter-TTI interval
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
62
RN31542EN10GLA0
HSDPA Code Multiplexing
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs
HS-SCCH
can be scheduled during one TTI from single cell
Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06)

One for each simultaneously receiving UE
Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH
power of cell are divided between UEs
HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the

channel conditions of a UE
Important when cell supports more codes than
UEs do
Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6
and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduled
on TTI
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
cat 8
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in
order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
63
RN31542EN10GLA0
cat 6
cat 6
cat 6
cat 6
HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code
Multi-Code
transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Fast
Power Control
Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
64
RN31542EN10GLA0
NodeB
ControlledS
cheduling
HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates
6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
Number of parallel codes supported
Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI
No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
65
HSUPA
Category
Codes x Spreading
TTI
Transport
Block size
Data rate
1 x SF4
10
7110
0.71 Mbps
2 x SF4
10
14484
1.45 Mbps
2 x SF4
2798
1.40 Mbps
2 x SF4
10
14484
1.45 Mbps
2 x SF2
10
20000
2 Mbps
2 x SF2
5772
2.89 Mbps
2 x SF2
10
20000
2 Mbps
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
10
20000
2 Mbps
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
11484
5.74 Mbps
RN31542EN10GLA0
HSPA mobility
HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data)
Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover
is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
Serving
HS-DSCH cell
HS-PDSCH
DPCH
DPCH
HSUPA
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem
Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
66
RN31542EN10GLA0
UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
HSUPA
Modulation
Modulation
QPSK
QPSKand
and16-QAM
16-QAM
BPSK
BPSKand
andDual-BPSK
Dual-BPSK
Soft
Softhandover
handover
Fast
Fastpower
power
control
control
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Point
Pointtoto
multipoint
multipoint
Yes
Yes
Multipoint
Multipoint
totopoint
point
Yes,
for
minimum/
Yes, for minimum/
guaranteed
guaranteedbit
bitrate
rate
Scheduling
Scheduling
Non-scheduled
Non-scheduled
transmission
transmission
No
No
Efficient UE power
amplifier
Required for near-far
avoidance
Scheduling cannot be as
fast as in HSDPA
Similar to R99 DCH but
with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the

uplink than reversed HSDPA
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Feature
DCH
HSUPA
HSDPA
Variable spreading factor
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fast power control
Yes
Yes
No
Soft handover
Yes
Yes
Adaptive modulation
No
No
Yes
BTS based scheduling
No
Yes
Yes
Fast L1 HARQ
No
Yes
Yes
Multicode transmission
67
RN31542EN10GLA0
(No in practice)
No
(associated DCH only)
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary
Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD
68
versions
WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and
Asian/Japanese frequency bands
WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes
Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of
radio resources while offering required quality of service to users
HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency
RN31542EN10GLA0

02 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals

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02 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

NSN Siemens Networks

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

NSN Siemens Networks

NSN Siemens Networks

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

NSN Siemens Networks

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

NSN Siemens Networks

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

NSN Siemens Networks

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

2110 2170 MHz

UMTS only in Europe, Japan

US 2.1 GHz band

Not supported by RU10 RAN

NSN Siemens Networks

UMTS Air interface technologies

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)

NSN Siemens Networks

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

NSN Siemens Networks

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

NSN Siemens Networks

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode

NSN Siemens Networks

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

NSN Siemens Networks

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

5 MHz bandwidth gives

NSN Siemens Networks

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

NSN Siemens Networks

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

NSN Siemens Networks

Energy per bit = Eb = const

NSN Siemens Networks

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Spreading & Processing Gain

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W const 3.84 Mchip

NSN Siemens Networks

Processing Gain Examples

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

NSN Siemens Networks

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

NSN Siemens Networks

NSN Siemens Networks

DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

3.84 MHz bandwidth

NSN Siemens Networks

DL & UL Channelisation Codes