LECTURE 4

Statically Indeterminate
Structures
Advantages & Disadvantages
For a given loading, the max stress and
deflection of an indeterminate structure
are generally smaller than those of its
statically determinate counterpart.
Statically indeterminate structure has a
tendency to redistribute its load to its
redundant supports in cases of faulty
designs or overloading.
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Statically Indeterminate
Structures
Advantages & Disadvantages (contd)
Although statically indeterminate structure
can support loading with thinner members &
with increased stability compared to their
statically determinate counterpart, the cost
savings in material must be compared with
the added cost to fabricate the structure
since often it becomes more costly to
construct the supports & joints of an
indeterminate structure.
One has to careful of differential
displacement of the supports as well.
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Statically Indeterminate
Structures
Method of Analysis
To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility and
force-displacement requirements for the
structure.

Force Method
Displacement Method

Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
Consider the beam shown in Fig. 10.3(a)
From free-body diagram, there would be 4
unknown support reactions
3 equilibrium equations
Beam is indeterminate to first degree
To obtain the additional equation, use principle
of superposition & consider the compatibility of
displacement at one of the supports
This is done by choosing one of the support
reactions as redundant & temporarily removing
its effect on the beam
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Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
This will allow the beam to be
statically determinate and stable.
Here, we will remove the rocker at B.
As a result, the load P will cause B to
be displaced downward as shown in
Fig. 10.3(b).
By superposition, the unknown
reaction at B causes the beam at B to
be displaced upward, Fig. 10.3(c).
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Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
Fig 10.3

5-2 Force Method of Analysis:

General Procedure
Assuming +ve displacement act
upward, we write the necessary
compatibility 0equation
at the rocker
B ' BB
' BB B y f BB
as:
' BB upward disp at B
B y unknown reaction at B
f BB linear flexibility coefficient
sub second eqn into first eqn , we get :

0 B B y f BB

5-2 Force Method of Analysis:

General Procedure
Using methods in Chapter 8 or 9 to
solve for B and fBB, By can be found.
Reactions at wall A can then be
determined from equation of
equilibrium.
The choice of redundant is arbitrary.

Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
The moment at A, Fig. 10.4(a) can be
determined directly by removing the
capacity of the beam to support
moment at A, replacing fixed support
by pin support.
As shown in Fig .10.4(b), the rotation
at A caused by P is A.
The rotation at A caused by the
redundant MA at A is AA, Fig. 10.4(c).
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Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
Fig 10.4

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Force Method of Analysis: General

Procedure
Similarly, ' AA M A AA
Compatibility requires :
0 A M A AA

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Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal

Displacement: Bettis Law
The displacement of a point B on a
structure due to a unit load acting at
point A is equal to the displacement
of point A when the load is acting at
point B.
f BA f AB
Proof of this theorem is easily
demonstrated using the principle of
virtual work.
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Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal

Displacement: Bettis Law
The theorem also applies for
reciprocal rotations.
The rotation at point B on a
structure due to a unit couple
moment acting at point A is equal to
the rotation at point A when the unit
couple is acting at point B.

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Example 10.1
Determine the reaction at the roller
support B of the beam shown in Fig.
10.8(a)
EI is constant.
Fig 10.8

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Example 10.1

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Example 10.1 - solution

Principle of superposition
By inspection, the beam is statically
indeterminate to the first degree.
The redundant will be taken as By.
Fig. 10.8(b) shows application of the
principle superposition.
We assume By acts upward on the beam.

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Example 10.1 - solution

Compatibility equation
( ) 0 B B y f BB eqn(1)
B and f BB are easily obtained using standard table.
9000kNm 3
576m 3
B
; f BB
EI
EI
Sub into eqn (1) :
9000
576
0
By
B y 15.6kN
EI
EI
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Example 10.4
Draw the shear & moment diagrams
for the beam shown in Fig. 10.11(a).
EI is constant.
Neglect the effects of axial load.

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Example 10.4
Fig 10.11

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Example 10.4
Fig 10.11

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Example 10.4 - solution

Principle of Superposition
Since axial load is neglected, the beam
is indeterminate to the second degree.
The 2 end moments at A & B will be
considered as the redundants.
The beams capacity to resist these
moments is removed by placing a pin at
A and a rocker at B.
The principle of superposition is applied
to the beam as shown in Fig. 10.11(b).
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Example 10.4 - solution

Compatibility equations
Reference to points A & B, Fig 10.11(b)
requires

0 A M A AA M B AB

eqn (1)

0 B M A BA M B BB

eqn (2)

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Example 10.4 - solution

Compatibility equations (contd)
The required slopes and angular
flexibility coefficients can be determined
using standard tables.
151.9
118 .1
A
; A
EI
EI
AA

2
2
1

; BB
; AB BA
EI
EI
EI

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Example 10.4 - solution

Compatibility equations (contd)
Sub into eqn (1) and (2)gives :
151.9
2
1
0
M A
MB

EI
EI
EI
118 .1
1
2
0
M A
MB

EI
EI
EI
M A 61.9kNm; M B 28.1kNm,

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Example 10.4 - solution

Using these results, the end shear
are calculated, Fig. 10.11(c).
The shear and moment diagrams
plotted.

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Example 10.5
Determine the support reactions on
the frame shown in Fig. 10.13(a).
EI is constant.

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Example 10.5
Fig 10.13
A

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Example 10.5
Fig 10.13

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Example 10.6 - solution

Principle of Superposition
The frame is statically indeterminate to
the first degree.
By choosing the reaction at B to be
redundant, the pin at B is replaced by a
roller.
The principle applied is as shown in Fig.
10.13(b).

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Example 10.6 - solution

Compatibility Equation
Reference to point B in Fig 10.13(b)
requires
0 B f
(1)
B

x BB

The terms B and fBB will be computed

using the method of virtual work.
The frames x coordinates & internal
moments are shown in Figs. 10.13(c)
and 10.13(d).
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Example 10.6 - solution

Compatibility Equation (contd)
B

5 ( 20 x 4 x 2 )(0.8 x ) dx
Mm
1
1
1
1
dx

0
EI
EI

166.7
EI

f BB

5 (0.8 x ) dx
Mm
1
1
dx

0
EI
EI

(1x2 )dx2
EI

48.0

EI
32

0(1x2 )dx2
EI

Example 10.6 - solution

Compatibility Equation (contd)
Sub into eqn (1) and solving yields :
166.7
48.0
0
Bx

EI
EI
B x 3.47 kN
Applying eqn of equilibrium,
Ax 3.47 0 Ax 3.47 kN
40(2.5) B y 3.47(4) 0 B y 22.8kN
Ay 40 22.8 0 Ay 17.2kN
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