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V0
j
R j L
C
C
1
tan
R
Transformer
Re al Power
Apparent Power
0
Series Resonance occurs when
C
1
LC
V0 is maximum in this case
I
R
Transformer
2
LC
V0 is minimum in this case
I
R
Transformer
The Transformer
i1(t) S1 i1(t)
i2(t) S2
e1(t)
V2
e2(t)
Coil 2
Coil 1
(Primary has N1 turns)
i2(t)
Transformer
The Transformer(2)
Ideally
The Transformer(2)
i)
The Transformer(3)
ii) Switch S2 is now closed
A current now starts to flow in resistance R. This current
is i2(t) (flows out of the dotted terminal).
e 2 ( t ) V 2( t )
i 2 (t)
R
R
The Transformer(3)
We will now prove the following on the greenboard:
The Transformer(3)
Observation: It was shown that the flux in the core is
m Sin(t). Since the permeability of the core is infinite ideally
zero current can produce this flux! In actuality, a current Im, known
as magnetizing current is required to setup the flux in the
transformer. This current is within 5% of the full load current in
a well designed transformer.
V 1rms
N12
Im
; L1
L1
Transformer
Transformer Example(1)
N1:N2 = 1:2
Transformer Example(1)
Solution on greenboard
Transformer
11
Transformer
12
Transformer
13
14
I1
INL
E1
E2
Transformer
15
I2
I1
INL
Transformer
16
I1
I2
INL
Transformer
17
I1
INL
I2'
Transformer
18
Transformer
19
Transformer
20
Transformer Regulation
Loading changes the output voltage of a transformer.
Transformer regulation is the measure of such a deviation.
Definition of % Regulation
| Vno load | | Vload |
*100
| Vload |
21
2 eq1 0; or 2 eq1
Transformer
22
*100
Losses V2 I 2Cos 2
V2 I 2Cos 2
2
V1 / Rc1 I1 R1 I 2 R2 V2 I 2Cos 2
V2 I 2Cos 2
2
*100
*100
Transformer
23
24
pf=1
pf= 0.8
pf= 0.6
0
% full load current
Transformer
25
Voltmeter
220V
150V
Ammeter
2.5A
4.55A
Wattmeter
100W
215W
26
Transformer Example(2)
Solution on greenboard
Transformer
27
Autotransformer
28
Features of Autotransformer
Lower leakage
Lower losses
Lower magnetizing current
Increase kVA rating
No galvanic Isolation
Transformer
29
Transformer
30
Transformer
31
Transformer
32
Delta () connection
Line-Line voltage is same as phase voltage
Line current is 3 phase current
Power is given by 3 VL-LI Lcos or 3VphIphcos
Transformer
33
Transformer
34
Transformer
35
Transformer
36
Transformer
37
Transformer
39
Transformer
40
Transformer
41
Transformer
42
Transformer
44
Transformer
45
Transformer
46
47
Transformer
48
Transformer Construction
Transformer
49
Transformer Construction(2)
50
Transformer
51
3- Transformer Construction(4)
Left: A 1300 MVA, 24.5/345 kV, 60Hz transformer with forced oil
and air (fan) cooling.
Right: A 60 MVA, 225/26.4 kV, 60 Hz showing the conservator.
Transformer
52