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2. Horizontal transportation
According to their rolling way the horizontal transportation can be made by
road or by rail.
The specific means used to transport materials by road are vehicles, which
are in present the most popular way of transport.
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Transit mixer (autobetoniera) has the same forms like fix platform trucks
only the box is replaced with a tank (rezervor).
The specified distances for this type of means are from 50 up to 100m, so
they are proper for sites where there are lifting devices with small radius
and lifting capacities.
Fig. 7 Dumpers
Nevertheless there exist some limitations in operating site dumpers as listed
bellow:
Avoid slopes, including slopes across the direction of travel;
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Fig. 8 Stacker
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3. Vertical transportation
Vertical transportation has to bring loads from the ground level to different
heights for supplies or for technological processes.
This kind of transportation represents the link between long horizontal
transportation and the short one, so between the suppliers or storehouse to
the working point.
The means that can be used in this kind of transportation are:
Pulleys (scripeti) represent simple mechanisms that are used for loading
and unloading weights. They usually are parts of other lifting devices.
Pulleys can be fix or mobile.
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Hydraulic jacks (cric hidraulic) are lifting devices for very big weights at
small heights.
A cylinder in which moves a piston activated by a liquid under pressure
(usually oil) makes a jack.
The pressure of the liquid can be increased with the help of pump.
To decrease the piston an orifice is opened to allow the liquid returning into
the pomp.
Hydraulic can lift loads from 20 to 300 tones but the lifting heights are only
20 cm.
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Slab and window cranes are light devices that can be placed on floors by
using a frame and counterweights or in the spaces provided for widows by
using a telescopic column.
Their lifting capacities are up to 1.5 kN and the lifting heights are 30 m.
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Guyed derrick consists of a single boom and mast. The mast stands
vertically and is guyed to anchorages.
Derrick represents a lifting device which may be hand - operated by one
man or worked by several powerful motors. Strictly, a derrick is a
stationary crane, but some Scotch derricks move on two or more rails.
The guyed - mast is a pole (catarg) held in a nearly vertical position by four
or more guy ropes (guy rope - a cable, wire, or rope that is used to brace (a
ancora) something).
The arrangement allows both changing of radius and turning, but lifting is
usually only attempted under a guy rope.
The derrick is widely used for steel work erection, especially in heavy plant
construction, such us power stations although with the continued growth of
the tower crane it is step by step losing its benefits.
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The stiff-leg derrick (Scotch derrick in UK) has no guys and is usually a
stationary crane, diesel or electrically driven.
It works on the principle of the guy derrick but the permanent steel
structure holds the mast in a vertical position, tied back to two horizontal
legs (or stays) which meet at the foot of the mast.
These legs called sleepers (travers de cale ferat) must be held down by
heavy weights at their ends, proportional to the load lifted.
Fig 16 Stiff leg derrick
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4. Combined transportation
This kind of transportation is characteristic for supplying and for
technological transportation.
The cranes are the most used devices for this kind of transportation.
There are several types of cranes such as:
Truck cranes are used to load the trucks platform, on which it is
permanently mounted.
A rotation mast (catarg) and a boom (brat) makes the crane. The boom is
composed of three articulated sections that can be moved by a hydraulic
engine.
b. Truck mounted crane & tower equipment is usually used to load and
unload granular materials or for mounting operations on site.
The tower equipment is used in the case of prefabs mounting at industrial
construction.
On a truck chassis is placed a fix platform. The crane drivers cabin is
placed on a rotation platform, which is sustained by the fix one.
When it is used the crane the lifting capacity is of 5 tf but the lifting height is
between 4.5 and 7 m. The lifting height becomes 26 m for the minimum
span, but the manipulated weight decrease till 1.5 tf.
To increase the lifting height the cranes arrow can be replaced with the
tower equipment. This device is placed also on the rotation platform.
Mobile truck mounted cranes were designed having the following criteria:
All capacities are limited to the proportion of the tipping load;
Boom sections should be extended equally in the case of telescopic cranes;
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Fig. 19 Tower
equipment
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Tower cranes are made by a must and a jib which has an angle with the
horizontal that can be fixed or can vary. Transverse and rails make their
rolling way.
The main advantage of the tower crane is that the jib or boom is supported
at the top of a tall tower which may be set at a sufficient height to clear any
obstructions.
This configuration allows the crane to stand very close to, or even in, the
structure under construction.
In this way a relatively short boom provides more reach in comparison with
other types of crane.
Thus for high rise buildings the tower crane is often the cheapest form of
device.
They are characterized by the following technical advantages:
Relatively reduced own weight;
Complete tower rotation;
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Maximum stabilization.
The tower crane transportation can be made without its braking apart.
The tower and the boom are placed horizontally and the crane is
transported on a special wheel chassis.
The crane comprises a vertical standing lattice framed central mast, which
supports a horizontal boom in two parts, the larger section being used for
lifting and carries a trolley or a saddle travelling on guides along the length
of the boom.
On the opposite side of the mast a shorter boom supports a kentledge block
and serves as a counterbalance.
The resistance to overturning when lifting (and from wind pressure) is
transferred through the tower to a heavy foundation base.
The tower cranes must be designed to resist torsion from side loads acting
on the boom such as swinging load, wind, etc. it is usual for crane operation
to be suspended when the wind gust speed exceed 60 km/h and the boom is
left to swing freely on the turntable to reduce the torsion effect.
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