LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILES

JD Institute of Fashion Technology

(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

Key Terms
Fabrics
Fibers
Natural fibers
Regenerated fibers
Synthetic fibers

JD Institute of Fashion Technology

(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

JD Institute of Fashion Technology

(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

JD Institute of Fashion Technology

(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

The history of fibres is as old as

human civilization. Traces of
natural fibres have been located
to ancient civilizations all over
the globe. For many thousand
years, the usage of fiber was
limited by natural fibres such as
flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant
fibres for different applications.
Fibers can be divided into
natural fibres and man-made or
chemical fibres. Flax is
considered to be the oldest and
the most used natural fibre
since ancient times
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TEXTILE:
originally applied to woven fabrics
now generally applied to any flexible material
that is composed of:
thin films of polymers
fibers, yarns, or fabrics
products made of films, fibers, yarns or
fabrics

POLYMER:
very large molecule made by connecting many
small molecules together
almost all fibers are polymers made of organic
materials
some polymers are formed into thin films and
used as textiles
EXAMPLE: vinyl upholstery is a film, often
applied to a more traditional textile knit or
woven material for added durability

FIBER:
natural or manufactured
smallest componenthairlike in naturethat
can be separated from a fabric
can be:
absorbentcotton or rayon
stretchyspandex
warm & bulkywool
very strong & abrasion resistantnylon or
polyester

Natural Fibers = Fibers that come

from animals (wool, silk etc.), plants
(cotton, flax, hemp, jute etc.) or
mineral material(asbestos).
Synthetic Fibers = Man-made fibers
or artificial fibers which is usually
comes from chemical agents.

Staple Fibers = Fibers from natural or

synthetic fibers which were cut into short
fibers. Normally, natural fibers are
staple fibers (expected silk fibers).
These fibers have 5-500 millimeters
long.

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Filament Fibers = Fibers from natural

or synthetic fibers which have infinite
length.
Silk Fibers are the only one natural
fibers classified in this definition since
their length between 700-1500 meters
depending to their races.

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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YARN:
assemblage of fibers
twisted or laid together to form a continuous
strand that can be made into a textile fabric
can be used to make fabric:
smooth & slicksatin
soft & fuzzybrushed denim

Spun Yarns = The yarns that come form

staple fibers.

Filament Yarns = The yarns that come

from filament fibers (mono-filaments and
multi-filaments)
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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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FABRIC:
The products of weaving, knitting or non-woven
processes. Normally, fabrics have a certain
thickness and can withstand tear and tensile
forces.
range from:
lightweight and sheerchiffon
heavy and sturdydenim
rigid and firmcarpeting

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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NATURAL FIBERS

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3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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3/12/15

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MAN MADE FIBERS

REGENERATED FIBERS

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3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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SYNTHETIC FIBERS

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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(KITE), Raipur

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3/12/15

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RUBBER FIBRE

Rubber is an elastic
hydrocarbon
polymer that naturally occurs
as a milky
colloidal suspension, or
latex, in the sap of some plan
ts.
The manufacturing process
consists of extruding the natural
rubber latex into a coagulating
bath to form filament.the
material is cross linked to obtain
fibres which exhibit high stretch
It can be synthesized.

Natural rubber is essentially a

polymer of
isoprene units, a hydrocarbon
diene monomer.
Synthetic rubber can be made
as a polymer of oprene or
various other monomers
The material properties of
natural rubber make it an
elastomer .
Rubber exhibits unique
physical and chemical
properties.

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Inorganic Fibres
Glass Silica sand, lime stone

and other minerals

Ceramic Alumina, Silica
and
Graphite fibres - Carbon
Metallic fibres- Aluminium,

silver, gold and stainless steel

GLASS FIBRE

It is also known as Fiberglass that is a

material made from extremely fine
fibers of
glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin
strands of
silica-based or other formulation glass
is
extruded into many fibers with small d
iameters suitable for
textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of
textile grade glass fibers is silica, SiO2
. In its pure form it exists as a
polymer, (SiO2)n.
In order to induce
crystallization, it must be heated to
temperatures above 1200C for long per
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iods of time.

The first type of glass used for

fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
was not very resistant to alkali.
A new type, E-glass was Glass fi
bers are useful because of their
high ratio of surface area to wei
ght. However, the increased surfa
ce area makes them much more su
By trapping
air within
them,
eptible
to chemical
attack.
blocks of glass fiber make is used
as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer products.
it has a good thermal
insulation, with a
thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m
-K.
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Because glass has an

amorphous structure, its properties are the s
ame along the fiber and across the fiber.

Humidity is an important factor in the tensile

strength. Moisture is easily
adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic crack
s and surface
defects, and lessen tenacity.

It has no effect on exposure to sunlight

even after extended periods.

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METALLIC FIBRES

Metallic fibers are

manufactured
fibers composed of metal,
plastic-coated metal, metalcoated plastic, or a core co
mpletely covered by metal.
Gold and
silver have been used since
ancient times as
yarns for fabric
decoration. More recently,
aluminum yarns, aluminized
plastic yarns, and aluminiz
ed
nylon yarns have replaced go
ld and silver.
They are made through
laminating process.
Coated metallic filaments help61

When suitable adhesives and films are

used, they are not affected by salt
water, chlorinated water in swimming
pools or climatic conditions.
If possible anything made with metallic
fibers should be dry-cleaned.
Ironing can be problematic because the
heat from the iron, especially at high
tempatures, can melt the fibers.
They are used mainly for decorative
purposes.

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THANK YOU

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(KITE), Raipur

3/12/15

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