Network Troubleshooting

CT046-3.5-3

IP Addressing - Revision

192.168.10.0/24

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Class C Subnetting
Subnet

Subnet Mask

Network Address

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.0/27

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.32/27

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.64/27

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.96/27

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.128/27

VLSM
No of
Host

Block
Size

Bits borrowed

Subnet
Mask

Network Address

25

32

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.0/27

12

16

11100000
11110000

255.255.255.240

192.168.10.32/28

10

16

11110000

255.255.255.240

192.168.10.48/28

255.255.255.248

192.168.10.64/29

11111000
11111100

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.72/30

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

VLSM Answer

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Try This!
192.168.10.0/24

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

VLSM Answer

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Try This!

No of subnets : 8
Highest no of host per subnet : 100 host (block size 128)

What IP address to use for subnetting?

What is the Subnet Mask?
IP Addressing plan??

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Class B Subnetting (Solution A) 172.16.0.0/16

Subnet

Bits borrowed

Subnet Mask

Network Address

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.0.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.32.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.64.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.96.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.128.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.160.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.192.0/19

11100000.00000000

255.255.224.255

172.16.224.0/19

No of host per subnet : 213-2 = ???

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Class B Subnetting (Solution B) 172.16.0.0/16

Subnet

Bits borrowed

Subnet Mask

Network Address

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.0.0/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.0.128/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.1.0/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.1.128/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.2.0/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.2.128/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.3.0/25

11111111.10000000

255.255.255.128

172.16.3.128/25

No of host per subnet : 27-2 = ???

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

VLSM (Solution C)
No need to use Class B address

No of
Host

Block
Size

Bits
borrowed

Subnet Mask

Network Address

100

128

255.255.255.128

192.168.10.0/25

40

64

255.255.255.192

192.168.10.128/26

25

32

10000000
11000000
11100000

255.255.255.224

192.168.10.192/27

255.255.255.248

192.168.10. 224/29

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.232/30

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.236/30

11111000
11111100
11111100
11111100

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.240/30

11111100

255.255.255.252

192.168.10.244/30

Total IP address needed (based on Block Size) = 248

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Try This!

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Class B (VLSM) 172.16.32.0/20

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

13

Class B VLSM = 172.16.32.0/20

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
Size : 2 12 = 4096

No of
Host

Block
Size

2x

Bits borrowed

Subnet
Mask

Network Address

2000

2048

211

11111000.00000000

255.255.248.0

172.16.32.0/21 +8

1000

1024

210

11111100.00000000

255.255.252.0

172.16.40.0/22 +4

500

512

29

11111110.00000000

255.255.254.0

172.16.44.0/23 +2

200

256

28

11111111.00000000

255.255.255.0

172.16.46.0/24 +1

22

11111111.11111100

255.255.255.252

172.16.47.0/30 +4(e)

22

11111111.11111100

255.255.255.252

172.16.47.4/30 +4(e)

22

11111111.11111100

255.255.255.252

172.16.47.8/30 +4(e)

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Route Summarization

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Route summarization
Route summarization reduces memory use on routers
and routing protocol network traffic, because it results in
fewer entries in the routing table (on the routers that
receive the summarized routes).
For summarization to work correctly, the following
requirements must be met:
Multiple IP addresses must share the same highest-order bits.
Routing protocols must base their routing decisions on a 32-bit
IP address and a prefix length that can be up to 32 bits.
Routing updates must carry the prefix length (the subnet mask)
along with the 32-bit IP address.

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Route summarization

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

17

Route Summarization

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Route Summarization

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Private Addressing and Network Address

Translation
One way to cope with the depletion of IP addresses is
through the use of private addressing.
IP addresses used on the Internet must be globally
unique, usually specified by an Internet service provider.
However, traffic that remains only on an organization's
private network does not need to be globally unique, just
unique across that organization's private network.

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

RFC1918 - Private IP Address Ranges

Used for networks/hosts not on Internet
Class A: 1; 10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255
Class B: 16; 172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255
Class C: 256; 192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255
Planning:
Determine which hosts are internal ONLY
Routers configured with filters

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Private Addressing and Network Address

Translation
RFC1918 Private Addresses are not routed on the
Internet.
Host Computers using Private IP address space can still
send and receive traffic to/from the Internet by using
RFC 1631 network address translation (NAT).
NAT can be provided by a router, firewall, or standalone
NAT software running on a multihomed server.

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Types of NAT
Static NAT direct mapping of inside address to outside address, one to
one correlation

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

23

Static NAT

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Types of NAT
Dynamic NAT outside address pulled from pool of addresses when needed
then released back to pool when no longer needed, likely different address
each time

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

25

Dynamic NAT

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Types of NAT
PAT (Port Address Translation) Special type of dynamic NAT where
pool consists of one address, every host appears to internet as the same
address, differentiated by source port number (also called Address
Overloading)

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

27

Overloading NAT (PAT)

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Types of NAT

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

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29

Network Address Translation : Example

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Overloading NAT (PAT)

CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

Q&A
CT046-3-3 Network Troubleshooting

IP Addressing Revision

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