BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 8
The Cellular Basis of
Reproduction and Inheritance
Modules 8.12 8.18
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEIOSIS AND CROSSING OVER

8.12 Chromosomes are matched in homologous
pairs
Somatic cells of each
species contain a
specific number of
chromosomes

Chromosomes

Centromere

Human cells have

46, making up 23
pairs of homologous
chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 8.12

8.13 Gametes have a single set of chromosomes

Cells with two sets of chromosomes are said to
be diploid
Gametes are haploid, with only one set of
chromosomes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 At fertilization, a sperm fuses with an egg,

forming a diploid zygote
Repeated mitotic divisions lead to the
development of a mature adult
The adult makes haploid gametes by meiosis
All of these processes make up the sexual life
cycle of organisms

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The human
life cycle

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Egg cell

Sperm cell
MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
Multicellular
diploid adults
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development
Figure 8.13
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number

from diploid to haploid
Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by
chromosome duplication
However, in meiosis the cell divides twice to
form four daughter cells

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 In the first division, meiosis I, homologous

chromosomes are paired
While they are paired, they cross over and
exchange genetic information
The homologous pairs are then separated, and
two daughter cells are produced

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate

INTERPHASE
Centrosomes
(with
centriole
pairs)

Nuclear
envelope

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I

Microtubules
attached to
Spindle kinetochore

Sites of crossing over

Chromatin

Sister
chromatids

Tetrad

Figure 8.14, part 1

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Metaphase
plate

Centromere
(with kinetochore)

ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids
remain attached

Homologous
chromosomes separate

 Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis

The sister chromatids of each chromosome
separate
The result is four haploid daughter cells

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

TELOPHASE I
AND CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE II
AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Sister
chromatids
separate

Figure 8.14, part 2

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Haploid
daughter cells
forming

8.15 Review: A comparison of mitosis and meiosis

For both processes, chromosomes replicate only
once, during interphase

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS
PARENT CELL
(before chromosome replication)

Site of
crossing over

PROPHASE I
Tetrad formed
by synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes

PROPHASE
Duplicated
chromosome
(two sister chromatids)

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

2n

Chromosome
replication

Chromosome
replication
2n = 4

Chromosomes
align at the
metaphase plate

Tetrads
align at the
metaphase plate

Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase

Homologous
chromosomes
separate
during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together

2n

Daughter cells
of mitosis

Figure 8.15
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MEIOSIS I

METAPHASE I

ANAPHASE I
TELOPHASE I

Haploid
n=2
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I

No further
MEIOSIS II
chromosomal
replication; sister
chromatids
separate during
anaphase II
n
n
n
n
Daughter cells of meiosis II

8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in

meiosis and random fertilization lead to
varied offspring
Each chromosome of a homologous pair comes
from a different parent
Each chromosome thus differs at many points
from the other member of the pair

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The large number of possible arrangements of

chromosome pairs at metaphase I of meiosis
leads to many different combinations of
chromosomes in gametes
Random fertilization also increases variation in
offspring

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

POSSIBILITY 1

POSSIBILITY 2

Two equally
probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Gametes

Combination 1

Combination 2

Figure 8.16
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Combination 3

Combination 4

8.17 Homologous chromosomes carry different

versions of genes
The differences between homologous
chromosomes are based on the fact that they
can carry different versions of a gene at
corresponding loci

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coat-color genes

Eye-color genes

Brown

Black

White

Pink

Tetrad in parent cell

(homologous pair of
duplicated chromosomes)

Figure 8.17A, B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chromosomes of
the four gametes

8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic

variability
Crossing over is the exchange of corresponding
segments between two homologous
chromosomes
Genetic recombination results from crossing
over during prophase I of meiosis
This increases variation further

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tetrad

Chaisma

Centromere
Figure 8.18A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coat-color
genes

How crossing over

leads to genetic
recombination

Eye-color
genes
Tetrad
(homologous pair of
chromosomes in synapsis)

Breakage of homologous chromatids

Joining of homologous chromatids

Chiasma

Separation of homologous
chromosomes at anaphase I

Separation of chromatids at
anaphase II and completion of meiosis
Parental type of chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome

Figure 8.18B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gametes of four genetic types