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INTRODUCTION
A wrought alloy is one that has
been worked or shaped into a
serviceable form eg. plate and
band materials, bars & various
prosthodontic & orthodontic wires
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
ORTHODONTIC WIRES:
2. SPRINGINESS:
Is a measure of how far a wire can be deflected without
causing permanent deformation
3. STIFFNESS:
Measure of the amount of force required to produce a
specific deformation
Stiffness = 1/springiness
4. RESILIENCE:
It is the energy storage capacity of the wires which is a
combination of strength & springiness
5. FORMABILITY:
It represents the amount of permanent bending the wire will
tolerate before it breaks
TYPES:
WROUGHT GOLD
ALLOYS
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Type I high precious metal alloys
2. Type II low precious metal alloys
.COMPOSITION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Gold 25-70%
Platinum 5-50%
Palladium 5-44%
Silver - 5-41%
Copper - 7-18%
Nickel - 1-3%
Zinc - 1-2%
PROPERTIES:
Generally resemble Type IV casting gold alloys
Wires & other wrought forms normally show
mechanical properties when compared to cast
structures. This is due to the cold working. Thus,
they have better hardness & tensile strength.
USES:
Primarily to make clasps in partial dentures.
PASSIVATION:
TYPES:
Based on lattice arrangement of iron:
1. Ferritic
2. Martensitic
3. Austenitic
FERRITIC STAINLESS
STEEL:
Pure iron at room temperature has body
centered cubic structure (BCC) & is referred to
as ferrite
MARTENISITIC STAINLESS
STEEL:
When austenite (face-centered cubic structure) is cooled
very rapidly (quenched) it will undergo a spontaneous,
diffusionless transformation to a body-centered tetragonal
structure (BCT) called martensite.
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEEL
At temperature between 912oC & 1394OC the
stable form of iron is a face centered cubic (FCC)
structure called austenite
COMPOSITION:
1. Chromium 18%
2. Nickel 08%
3. Carbon 0.08-0.15%
USES:
This alloy is called 18-8 stainless steel
Most commonly used in the form of bands & wires
by the orthodontist & pedodontist
Type 316 L (contains carbon 0.03% maximum) is
the type usually used for implants
ADVANTAGES:
Greater ductility & ability to undergo more cold
work without breaking
Substantial strengthening during cold working
Greater ease of welding
The ability to readily overcome sensitization
Less critical grain growth
Comparative ease in forming
SENSITIZATION
The 18-8 stainless steel may lose its resistance
to corrosion if it is heated between 400-900oC
STABILIZATION
Method to minimize sensitization
From a theoretical point of view, reduce the
carbon content of the steel to such an extent
that carbide precipitation cannot occur.
However, it is economically not practical
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
In orthodontic wires, strength & hardness may
increase with a decrease in the diameter because of
the amount of cold working in forming the wire
1. Tensile strength 2100 MPa
2. Yield strength 1400 MPa
3. Hardness 600 KHN
FLUXES:
Similar to gold soldering with the exception of:
The addition of the potassium fluoride. Fluoride helps
to dissolve the passivating film supplied by the
chromium
Boric acid is used in a greater ratio to the borax,
which lowers the fusion temperature
WROUGHT-COBALT-CHROMIUMNICKEL ALLOYS
Their properties are excellent also for orthodontic
purposes
COMPOSITION:
1. Co 40%
2. Cr 20%
3. Ni 15%
4. Mo 7%
5. Mn 2%
6. C 0.15%
7. Be 0.04%
8. Fe 15.8%
HEAT TREATMENT:
Softening heat treatment: 1010 -1200 OC followed
by a rapid quench
Hardening heat treatment: 260 650 OC for 5
hours
The wires are usually heat treated & supplied in
various degrees of hardness soft, ductile,
semispring temper, spring temper)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Tarnish & corrosion resistance is excellent
Hardness, yield & tensile strength similar to 18-8
stainless steel
NICKEL-TITANIUM
ALLOYS
These Ni-Ti alloy (nitinol) wires have large elastic
deflections or working range & limited formability,
because of their low stiffness & moderately high
strength
At the completion of
the phase, behavior
reverts to standard
proportional
stressstrain
behavior.
Unloading results in
the reverse transition
& recovery.
This characteristic is
useful
in
some
orthodontic situations
because it results in
low forces & a very
large working range or
springback
TITANIUM ALLOYS
Pure Ti has different crystallographic forms at high &
low temperatures.
COMPOSITION:
Ti 11%
Mo 6%
Zr 4%
Sn
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
Modulus of elasticity 71.7 X 103 MPa
Yield strength 860 to 1170 MPa
The high strength ratio of yield strength to modulus produce
orthodontic appliances that can undergo large elastic activations
when compared to stainless steel
Beta Ti can be highly cold worked. Can be bent into various
configurations
Welding- clinically significant joints can be made by electrical
resistance welding of beta Ti
Corrosion resistance- both forms have excellent corrosion
resistance & environmental stability.