Color Image

Processing

Presented by

Anil Kumar H A
[13MVD1002]
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Color Image Processing

Color
simplifies object extraction and
identification
human vision : thousands of colors vs
max-24 gray levels

Color Spectrum
white light with a prism (1966, Newton)
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Color Image Processing

RGB : Color Monitor, Color Camera, Color
Scanner
CMY : Color Printer, Color Copier
YIQ : Color TV ,Y(luminance), I(Inphase),
Q(quadrature)

HSI, HSV

Color Image Processing

RGB Model

Color Image Processing

CMY Model
Color Printer, Color Copier
RGB data CMY
C 1 R
M 1 G

Y 1 B

Color Image Processing

Y 0.299 0.587 0.114

I 0.596 0.275 0.321

Q 0.212 0.523 0.311

R
G
B

R
G

1 0.956 0.620
1 0.272 0.647
B 1 1.108 1.705

Y
I
Q

Color Image Processing

Color Image Processing

RGB to HSI Conversion
1
I ( R G B),
3

where 0 I , R, G, B 1

1
[( R G ) ( R B)]
H cos 1{ 2
},
2
( R G ) ( R B)(G B )

H 360 H ,

if g 0 b0

if g 0 b0

where g 0 G / I , b0 B / I

3
S 1
(min{R, G, B})
RG B
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Color Image Processing

HSI to RGB Conversion
1
B (1 S )
3

assume 0 H 120
1
S cos H
R [1
]

3
cos(60 H )
G 1 R B

Image Retrieval Application

Content-Based Image Retrieval
System
f e a tu re
e x tra c tio n

In d e x

f e a tu r e in f o r m a tio n

in d e x

q u e ry

Q u e ry

r e s u lt

Im a g e d a ta b a s e

R e t r ie v a l

d e c o m p r e s s io n
c o m p r e s s io n im a g e

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Image Retrieval Application

Color Features for Image Indexing
Color Histogram
an estimate of the probability of occurrence
of color intensities
simple and geometric invariance(translation,
rotation, and scaling)
lack of spatial information of objects

Dominant Colors

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Image Retrieval Application

Example of Color Histogram in HSI
Model
- Hue : range [0, 360]
- Saturation : range[0, 1]
- Intensity : range[0, 1]
- Total 36 bin quantization
Hue : 6bin
Saturation : 2bin
Intensity: 3bin

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Introduction to Digital
Image(color) Processing
Human vision - perceive and understand world
Computer vision, Image Understanding /
Interpretation, Image processing.
3D world -> sensors (TV cameras) -> 2D images
Dimension reduction -> loss of information

low level image processing

transform of one image to another

high level image understanding

knowledge based - imitate human cognition
make decisions according to information in image

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Introduction to Digital Image

Processing
Classification / decision

Algorithm
Complexity
Increases

HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW

Acquisition,
Amount of preprocessing
Data
Decreases

Raw data

no
intelligence

Extraction,
edge joining
Recognition,
interpretation
intelligent
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Low level digital image

processing

Low level computer vision ~ digital image processing

Image Acquisition
image captured by a sensor (TV camera) and digitized
Preprocessing
suppresses noise (image pre-processing)
enhances some object features - relevant to understanding the
image
edge extraction, smoothing, thresholding etc.
Image segmentation
separate objects from the image background
colour segmentation, region growing, edge linking etc
Object description and classification
after segmentation
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Signals and Functions

What is an image
Signal = function (variable with physical
meaning)
one-dimensional (e.g. dependent on time)
two-dimensional (e.g. images dependent on two coordinates in a plane)
three-dimensional (e.g. describing an object in space)
higher-dimensional

Scalar functions
sufficient to describe a monochromatic image intensity images

Vector functions
represent color images - three component colors
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Image Functions
Image - continuous function of a number of variables
Co-ordinates x, y in a spatial plane
for image sequences - variable (time) t

Image function value = brightness at image points

other physical quantities
temperature, pressure distribution, distance from the
observer

Image on the human eye retina / TV camera sensor intrinsically 2D

2D image using brightness points = intensity image
Mapping 3D real world -> 2D image

2D intensity image = perspective projection of the 3D scene

information lost - transformation is not one-to-one
geometric problem - information recovery
understanding brightness info
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Image Acquisition &

Manipulation

Analogue camera
frame grabber
video capture card

Digital camera / video recorder

Capture rate 30 frames / second
HVS persistence of vision

Computer, digitised image, software (usually c)

f(x,y) #define M 128
#define N 128
unsigned char f[N][M]
2D array of size N*M
Each element contains an intensity value

Image definition
Image definition:

B
1
6
8

A 2D function obtained by sensing a scene

f(o,o)
F(x,y),
F(x
,x
),
F(x)

1
2
F - intensity, grey level
x,y - spatial co-ordinates
f(N-1,M-1)
No. of grey levels,
L = 2B
B = no. of bits

L
2
54
256

Description
Binary Image (black and white)
64 levels, limit of human visual system
Typical grey level resolution

Brightness and 2D images

Brightness dependent several factors
object surface reflectance properties
surface material, microstructure and marking

illumination properties
object surface orientation with respect to a viewer
and light source

Some Scientific / technical disciplines work

with 2D images directly
image of flat specimen viewed by a microscope
with transparent illumination
character drawn on a sheet of paper
image of a fingerprint
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Monochromatic images
Image processing - static images - time t is constant
Monochromatic static image - continuous image function f(x,y)
arguments - two co-ordinates (x,y)

Digital image functions - represented by matrices

co-ordinates = integer numbers
Cartesian (horizontal x axis, vertical y axis)

OR (row, column) matrices

Monochromatic image function range
lowest value - black
highest value - white

Limited brightness values = gray levels

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Chromatic images
Colour
Represented by vector not scalar
Red, Green, Blue (RGB)
Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV)
luminance, chrominance (Yuv , Luv)
S=0
Green

Hue degrees:
Red, 0 deg
Green 120 deg
Blue 240 deg

Red

Green

V=0

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Use of colour space

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Image quality
Quality of digital image proportional to:
spatial resolution
proximity of image samples in image plane

spectral resolution
bandwidth of light frequencies captured by sensor

radiometric resolution
number of distinguishable gray levels

time resolution
interval between time samples at which images
captured

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Image summary
N
F(xi,yj)
i
= 0 --> N-1
j
= 0 --> M-1
N*M = spatial resolution, size of
image
L
= intensity levels, grey levels

= no. of bits

f(o,o)
M
f(N-1,M-1)

Digital Image Storage

Stored in two parts
header
width, height cookie.
Cookie is an indicator of what type of image file

data
uncompressed, compressed, ascii, binary.

File types
JPEG, BMP, PPM.

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PPM, Portable Pixel Map

Cookie
Px
Where x is:
1 - (ascii) binary image (black & white, 0 &
1)
2 - (ascii) grey-scale image (monochromic)
3 - (ascii) colour (RGB)
4 - (binary) binary image
5 - (binary) grey-scale image
(monochromatic)
6 - (binary) colour (RGB)
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PPM example
PPM colour file RGB
P3
# feep.ppm
44
15
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 15
0 0 0
0 0
15 0 15
0 0

0
7
0
0

0 0
0 0
0 15
0 0

0 15 0 15
0
0 0 0
7 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
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Image
presentation (1)
1.1 Image
capture,
representation
, and storage:
digital image,
DPI, pixel...
Example:
Various
quantizing
level: (a) 6
bits; (b) 4 bits;

Image presentation
(2)
1.2 Color representation:
Color systems: RGB, CMY/CMYK, HSI,
YCbCr

Summary
We know following terms:
digital image (pixel, gray level)
colormap
digitization
continuous-tone image
sampling
quantization
dynamic range

spatial resolution
pixelation

brightness resolution
posterization & brightness contouring

digital image processing

digital image analysis

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