Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
03/17/15
Types of Computers
Personal Computers
Handheld Computers
Laptop Computers
Desktop Computers
(PC)
Mini Computers
Mainframe Computers
Mini Computers and Mainframe Computers are used as Servers
Handheld Computers
Pocket able
Very Light weight
Battery Powered
About Rs. 15,000/
Limited Utility
Used mainly for E-Mail,
Spreadsheets, Address
Book, Notepad etc
Laptop Computers
Portable
Lightweight
Battery Powered
Moderately Powerful
Very Expensive
Costly spares
Not Upgradable
Rs 60K to 1.5 Lakhs
Desktop Computers
Very Powerful
Heavy Duty
Not Expensive
Cheap spares and maintenance
Convenient to use
Upgradable
Not Portable
Monitor
CPU Box
Keyboard
Mouse
Disk Drives
Hard Disk Drive
CD-ROM Drive
Floppy Disk
Add-on Cards
Display Driver Card
Sound Blaster Card
Network Card
Processors
Manufacturers of
CPU for PCs
INTEL
Advanced Micronic Devices (AMD)
Cyrix
Manufacturers of
CPU for Servers
Silicon Graphics
IBM
Digital
Performance
Indicators
Clock Speed
Dhrystones
Whetstones
Models of Processors
INTEL
AMD
Pentium-4
Pentium-3
Celeron
1.2GHz, 800MHz
AthlonXP
Athlon
1.4GHz, 1.13GHz
Duron
1.1GHz, 900MHz
Comparative Performance
AthlonXP-1.53G P4-2.0G
P3-800Mhz
Celeron 800MHz
Content Creation
Winstone 2001
81.6
78.6
48.2
42.1
Business Winstone
59.5
57.7
40.5
33.9
Dhrystone MIPS
4337
3909
2159
2188
2452
1083
1088
POV-Ray
7.2 min/sec
8.36
14.36
15.48
276.4
314.1
170.2
136.6
Rating
A+
C+
C-
Cost
13,500
27,500
8,000
4,000
Types of Storage
Temporary Storage Devices
Devices which LOSE their data once the
power has been switched off.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Cache
Cache Memory
Processor
L1
L2-Cache
RAM
BIOS Chip
The basic Input-Output system, and the PC configuration are stored on a special
BIOS chip.
The data on the BIOS Chip is hard-coded, i.e. the basic PC settings are not lost
even if there is a loss of power.
BIOS chip is responsible for booting up the Computer, and for providing InputOutput functions while the PC is running.
User-settings stored on the chip get erased if the PCs battery loses power.
When the PC boots up, the microprocessor needs its first instruction
It cannot read the Hard Disk directly. The BIOS provides the
instruction to read the HDD
Bios also performs the Power-On Self Test on the components of the
PC
Ports
Ports are used to connect a PC to other devices, such as Printers,
Modems etc. A PC usually has 3 types of ports.
Port
Speed No
Connects
USB
V High2
Parallel
High
Printer, Scanner
Serial
V Slow
CPU
RAM
Cache
Disk Drives
Units of Storage
Byte
KB
Kilobyte
1024 bytes
MB
Megabyte
1024 Kilobytes
GB
Gigabyte
1024 Megabytes
TB
Terabyte
1024 Gigabytes
PB
Petabyte
1024 Terabytes
EB
Exabyte
1024 Petabytes
Disk Drives
Essential Devices
Hard Disk Drive
(>= 40 GB)
(1.44 MB)
CD-ROM drive
(700 MB)
Optional Devices
Tape Drive
(8 GB)
Magnetic Flash Card reader
(64 MB)
Digital Video Disk Drive (DVD-ROM) (4
GB)Zip Drive
(750 MB)
Types
Rotational
speed
Manufact
urers
Seagate,
Maxtor,
Quantum
0.25-0.65
Micron AirCushion
0.25-0.65
Micron AirCushion
0.25-0.65
Micron AirCushion
0.25-0.65
Micron AirCushion
Compact Disc
Then a thin acrylic layer is sprayed over the aluminum to protect it. The label is
then printed onto the acrylic.
A CD has a single spiral track of data, circling from the inside of the
disc to the outside
The elongated bumps that make up the track are each 0.5 microns
wide, a minimum of 0.83 microns long and 125 nanometers high.
CD-RW
CD-ROM Drive
speed 52X currently
internal / external
Manufacturers
Creative
Samsung
LG
A drive motor spins the disc. This drive motor is precisely controlled to rotate
between 200 and 500 rpm depending on which track is being read. It ensures that
the linear velocity of the disc remains constant.
A Laser and a lens system focus in on and read the bumps. A tracking
mechanism moves the laser assembly so that the laser's beam can follow the spiral
track.
The laser beam passes through the polycarbonate layer, reflects off the aluminum
layer and hits an opto-electronic device that detects changes in light. The bumps
reflect light differently than the "lands" (the rest of the aluminum layer),
Floppy Disk
It was invented by IBM in 1967. The size of floppies was 8 inch dia.
Holding 360KB of data
The floppy disk of today is 3.5 inch in dia and stores 1.44 MB.
Though Manufacturers claim that floppies can take 10 Million readwrite operations, experience is that even new floppies fail quickly.
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD) are used to read and write Floppy Disks in a PC
It has read-write heads mounted on a carriage to read both sides of the floppy.
The Drive Motor engages the metal disc on the floppy and spins it at 360 rpm.
The drive contains a circuit board which contains electronics necessary for
controlling the drive.
When the driver performs read-write operations, a small green lamp lights up.
No moving parts
Expensive
Add-on Cards
8 / 16 / 32 / 64 MB
nVIDIA
GeForce4
GeForce3
GeForce2
Riva
TNT2
Sis
use)
(High-end)
(Business
AGP Card
Sound Card
What it does
Converts analog sound input into digital data for
recording.
It also converts digital sound data into analog sound output
for playback
What it has
Digital Signal Processor which does all the calculations
Digital to Analog convertor (DAC) for outgoing audio
Analog to Digital convertor ADC for incoming audio
Jacks for incoming and outgoing audio
Good Sound
Creative SB-Extigy
Cards
Creative SB-Audigy
Creative SB-Live! Platinum
Network Cards
Network Cards are used to connect a PC with other PCs to form a network
Network Card
Ethernet Port
RJ-45 Jack
Floppy Drive
Memory Slot
PCI Slots
ISA Slots
MotherBoard
Cache
CPU
Sound Card
Display Card
Network Cable
Ethernet Card
Parallel Port
Mouse Port
Power Socket
Cooling Fan
Monitor Socket
External Items
Monitors
Used to display output to the user
SuperVGA monitors are the only ones available today. They can
display 16.7 Million colours
Specifying Monitors
Size
Resolution
Refresh rate
Manufacturers
Electronic Ink
Used to create displays of the future
Electronic ink is a new material that will have far-reaching impact on how
society receives its information.
The ink contains millions of tiny microscopic capsules, about the diameter
of the human hair
When a negative charge is applied, the white particles move to the top of
the capsule where they become visible to the user.
At the same time a opposite field pulls the black particles to the bottom of
the capsule where they are hidden
E-Ink can be used to make paper-thin display panels which can be rolled
up and carried
Electronic Ink
Mouse
Used to point to and select items
Types
Regular
Wireless mouse
Force-Feedback Mouse
No./Type of Buttons
2-button mouse
3-button mouse
Scroll mouse
Manufacturers
Microsoft
Logitech
Keyboard
Classification by Type
Wireless
Regular
Classification by Number of Keys
101 Key , 104 Key
Multimedia Keyboard
Classification by Language
BiLingual Keyboard
Video Camera
Used to capture movies and pictures
Video Camera is connected to the Serial or the USB port of the computer.
It has a low resolution, about 320 X 240 pixels
It takes a picture after every 0.5 seconds, and converts it to a file.
A stream of such pictures can be used to make a low-resolution movie
Useful for video-conferencing.
Printers
Laser Printers (B/W, High Quality)
Inkjet Printers (Color)
Speed in Pages per minute
600/1200/2200 dpi
Duty Cycle
Ports
USB, Parallel
Manufacturers
Models
Inkjet Printers
HP DJ 630 C - 600 dpi, 5 ppm black, 2 ppm color, 1000 pages per month, USB (3250/-)
HP DJ 640 C - 600 dpi, 6 ppm black, 3 ppm color, 1000 pages per month, USB (4750/-)
HP DJ 840 C - 600 dpi, 8 ppm black, 5 ppm color, 1000 pages per month, USB (6600/-)
HP DJ 930 C - 600 dpi, 9 ppm black, 7.5 ppm color, 2000 pages per month, USB (8800/-)
Simputer
Simple Computer for the Villages of India
320 x 240 Colour (or Black & White) Touch Panel display
Simputer
Simple Computer for the Villages of India
E-Governance
Internet Access
Sample PC Specifications
CPU
Pentium-IV processor
2.4GHz
Intel
Cache
256 KB L2 Cache
Motherboard
Intel, Asus
RAM
Siemens / Hyundai
Hard Disk
Seagate
HDD Controller
Monitor
Samtron, Viewsonic,
LG
Sample PC Specifications
Keyboard
AGP Card
Trident, Sis
Mouse
Microsoft
Ports
2 x USB, 2 X Serial,
1 X Parallel ports
CD-ROM
Creative
Printer
HP
128 MB DDR-RAM
256 KB L2-Cache
512 KB or 1 MB L2-Cache
Layers of Software
Documents
Programs
Application Package
Operating System
Hardware
System Bus
Display
CPU checks the memory on the display adapter, and video signals
Memory
CPU checks the memory on the RAM chips by writing and reading
data on all the chips. Now you see the memory counter working.
Drives
Keyboard
CPU checks the Hard Disk and Floppy Disk to see which drives are
available.
CPU checks to see if the Keyboard is attached, and whether any keys
are pressed.
BIOS
Action
The boot program reads the data loaded in the disks first sector (boot
record of 512 bytes) and copies it to specific locations in the RAM.
Then the BIOS passes control to the loaded boot program.
SYSINIT
Boot program takes control of the PC and loads IO.SYS into RAM.
This file contains extensions to the ROM BIOS and includes a routine
called SYSINIT, that manages the rest of the boot up. After IO.SYS is
loaded the boot record is replaced by other code in RAM. SYSINIT
loads MSDOS.SYS into RAM. Then it tells it to execute the
commands in the CONFIG.SYS file (or the system registry). Then
MSDOS.SYS is told to load COMMAND.COM. This file now
becomes part of the operating system now.. Then AUTOEXEC.BAT
is loaded, and the PC starts working.