ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional

or advanced fuels , are any materials or substances
that can be used as fuels, other than conventional
fuels.

INTRODUCTION
Petroleum production is expected to decrease significantly by

the year of 2025,so we going to an alternative fuel.

Hydrogen is considered to be one of the most promising, and
the most environmentally friendly, fuels to replace diesel and
petrol in the future.
Hydrogen is the simplest molecule on earth with only one
proton and one electron. Hydrogen gas is formed with two
atoms on each molecule.

HYDROGEN AS A ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Hydrogen is the ideal alternative

fuel for future.

Current oil production is 25
billion barrels of oil per year; by
2025, annual oil production most
likely will be between 18 and 19
billion barrels.
Hydrogen is considered an
alternative fuel for two reasons: It
is renewable, and it is the most
abundant element on the earth.

HYDROGEN CHARACTERISTICS
Hydrogen's physical and chemical properties make it a good

candidate for a fuel. At normal atmospheric conditions,

hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas.
Fuel cells also may use hydrogen as a fuel. A fuel cell is an
electrochemical engine that converts the chemical energy
contained in the hydrogen molecule into electrical energy.
Hydrogen can react with oxygen to produce electricity in a fuel
cell.
Because of its low density, liquid hydrogen weighs less than
petroleum-based fuels. With these properties, hydrogen has the
highest energy-to-weight ratio of all fuels.

EXTRACTION AND USE OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

There are two ways to extract the

energy contained in hydrogen: by

simple combustion in ICE's or
turbine engines or by converting
it to electricity in a fuel cell.
Fuel cell drive concepts with
highly efficient electric drive
systems can provide fuelefficient solutions for vehicle
propulsion that are two to three
times as efficient as ICE's with
mechanical transmission systems.

PRODUCTION
Electrolysis can be used to separate water into its basic constituents, hydrogen and

oxygen. In electrolysis, a current is passed through water. Although any power

source can be used to produce the electric current, hydroelectric resources offer the
lowest price for hydrogen production. Globally, over 95% of hydrogen is produced
from hydrocarbons; about 4% is produced through electrolysis of water.

STORAGE
Hydrogen may be stored on

platforms using a variety of

technologies. At room
temperature, hydrogen is a gas
that can be stored in
compressed gas cylinders
similar to those used on
natural-gas-powered vehicles.
These cylinders have a
pressure level of 20
megapascals (MPa), or 2,900
pounds per square inch (psi).


TRANSPORT
Compressed gaseous hydrogen

and liquid hydrogen can be

transported by trucks or rail.
Liquid hydrogen can be
transported in pressurized tanks
by truck, rail, barge, or ship.
Insulation of the storage tanks
is of utmost importance.
In Germany, there are two
large hydrogen distribution
networks that have more than
50 kilometers of pipeline with
pressures of 2 MPa, or 290 psi.
There have been no accidents
in more than 50 years.

HYDROGEN FUEL USING VECHILES

Daimler-Benz

AG BMW, and
Mazda have a
vechile used
hydrogen fuel.
Modern18
wheel semitrucks are a
formidable
piece of
engineering.

SAFETY
Hydrogen has different

characteristics from petroleumbased fuels, it is as safe as

gasoline, diesel, or kerosene.
Hydrogen's explosive range is a
13- to 79-percent concentration in
air. It is colorless and odorless
and burns with a nearly invisible
flame. Hydrogen's wide explosive
range, coupled with its very low
ignition energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION
One common source of hydrogen is water, which is 11.2

percent hydrogen by weight.

Hydrogen-powered-fuel-cell vehicles have zero
emissions. On the other hand, platforms powered by
petroleum-based fuels emit significant amounts of air
pollutants .
Using hydrogen in fuel cell propulsion systems with low
temperature fuel cells completely eliminates all polluting
emissions.

ADVANTAGES
Colourless and odourless .
Low ignition energy
High flame temperature
Invisible flame in daylight conditions
Negative Joule-Thompson Coefficient, meaning that a

leak may self-ignite

Small molecular size

CONCLUSION
There are many different alternative fuel
options being developed right now. For those
who would like to make a change right now,
many of the options are already available and
would be suitable for day to day life. By
making the right choices and further
developing these technologies we have to
power to save the planet.