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Hydrogen Power

Paving the way to a brighter new future in fuel

M.GnanaSakthi

Hydrogen..
A Plentiful Element
Hydrogen is
existingfreelyinnature
invisible,extremelyflammablegas
highlyreactiveandessentialinmany
chemicalandbiologicalprocesses
notanenergysource,butratheranenergy
carrierfromwhichasecondaryformof
energymustbecreated

Chemical Properties of Hydrogen

Rarely found alone (H2) usually bonded to


oxygen in water (H2O)

Non-toxic and non poisonous

Considered as an energy carrier

Highly buoyant lighter than air, rises and


diffuses when leaked

Hydrogen as a Fuel

Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit


weight of any known fuel 120.7kJ/g.
Hydrogen, in its liquid form, has been used as a
fuel in space for years.
Its weight factor makes hydrogen an attractive fuel.
Hydrogen is both flammable and buoyant.
Hydrogen fuel is unique, clean and versatile.
It can be used in applications requiring electricity or
gas.
As the cost of hydrogen comes down and its
availability increases, interest in its use as a fuel
will intensify.

Advantages of Hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen combustion produces water as a only


byproduct.
Hydrogen generates energy without releasing
greenhouse gasses.
The only pollution-free source of hydrogen is
water and electrolysis can liberate hydrogen from
water.
Hydrogen has higher energy density than
petroleum-based fuels, meaning it supplies more
energy per volume than gasoline, diesel or
kerosene.
Hydrogen has the potential to run a fuel-cell
engine with greater efficiency over an IC engine.

Fuel source flammability ranges

Sources of Hydrogen
Sources that Hydrogen can be extracted from:
Natural Gas, Water, Coal, Gasoline,
Methanol, Biomass
Other sources being researched include the
uses of solar energy, photosynthesis,
decomposition, and fuel cells themselves can
tri-generate electricity, heat, and hydrogen.

Renewable Fuel Sources


Biogas

Gasification

Biogas = 60% methane a good source of


hydrogen
Biogas = organic waste; it is
renewable
Electrolysis

Creating hydrogen from


water; water splitting
Works similarly to a fuel cell
in reverse

Non-Renewable Fuel Sources


Natural

Gas

Contains over 85% methane (CH4)


Excellent source of hydrogen
Coal

Gasification

Resulting fuel gas must be converted


to hydrogen
Relatively low cost option

Hydrogen Production

H is difficult and costly to compress, store, and


transport; it has one of the lowest energy densities of
any fuel, 1/3rd of any natural gas. Hydrogen has major
safety issues; its flammable over a wide range of
concentrations and is very easily ignited.

Two methods are generally: steam methane


reforming and water electrolysis.

Producing Hydrogen from


Natural Gas
Methane Reforming)
(Steam
Most common and energy-efficient hydrogen

production methods
This process takes place at high temperatures and
pressures.
Produces carbon monoxide and hydrogen
Carbon monoxide can be reacted to produce
carbon dioxide and more hydrogen
About 95% of the hydrogen, we use today coming
from reforming natural gas.

Catalysts:Ni,orAuNi

CH4+H2OCO+3H2H298=206kJ/mol

Water Electrolysis

Electrolysis uses electrical


energy to separate the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms
in water molecules.

The electrical energy can


come from any electricity
source, including renewable
fuels and solar energy.

Potential electrical sources for


hydrogen production

Producing Hydrogen from Crude Oil


Refining Naphtha

Hydrogen is produced from naphtha through


catalytic reforming

Produces hydrogen and high octane gasoline

Hydrogen Storage and


Transportation

May be stored on-board the vehicle in either


pressurized gas or liquid form
Composite tanks that utilize carbon fibre for
added safety
Storage vessels generally approach 10,000
pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure

Hydrogen gas occupies about 800 times


more volume than hydrogen liquid

Shipped as a cryogenic liquid

Generally not transported through pipelines

Tube trailer used to transport cryogenic


hydrogen

Hydrogen - Fuel Cell

Fuel Cells use hydrogen with oxygen from air to


produce electricity. The electricity generated
powers a vehicles motor.
In principle, a fuel cell operates like a battery. A
fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into
electricity by combining oxygen from the air
with hydrogen gas. However, unlike a battery, a
fuel cell does not run down or require
recharging. It will produce electricity as long as
fuel, in the form of hydrogen, is supplied

Why Hydrogen? Why Now?

Hydrogen production is already large


The U.S. uses 30% of total energy consumption on
transportation
Transportation and energy-intensive processes
depend on oil, which is a finite, non-renewable
energy source
Hydrogen promises to lead better, faster, more
efficient, environmentally clean transportation
designs.

Hydrogen Vehicles

Stores energy more


efficiently than batteries
Burns twice as efficiently
in a fuel cell as gasoline
does in an engine
Doesnt rely on any fossil
fuel
Its only waste product is
water

Hydrogen Vehicle Performance

May return better performance than


conventional vehicles

High compression ratio

High torque characteristics from electric


motor (fuel cell)

Larger storage volume

Types of Hydrogen Vehicles


Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine
Used much like any other combustible fuel
Fuel system and compression ratio differ
Dual-Fuel Hydrogen Vehicles
Utilize hydrogen and another fuel source
Most commonly employ hydrogen and natural
gas
May be interchangeable or mixed together
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Combustion engine is replaced with fuel cell
Electricity is produced onboard
Only byproduct is water (and some heat)

Other Modes of Hydrogen


Transport

Hydrogen Emissions

Environmentally
speaking, the use of the
Hydrogen Fuel Cell car
would produce no
harmful emissions, just
a trickle of water.
The only other
emissions are the
burning of natural gas
used to produce the
hydrogen

Challenges for Hydrogen Fuel

Fuel cost and Durability

Hydrogen storage

Hydrogen production and delivery

Public acceptance

The Pros and Cons of Hydrogen

Abundant- will never


deplete.
Will be a viable
replacement for fossil
fuel.
Used widely in industry
with much experience.
Can be generated by
renewable energy.
Its only emission is
pure, drinkable water.

One gallon of hydrogen


produces an equal
amount of energy as
1/4 gallon of gasoline.
Difficult to extract
Expensive
Flammable, leak-prone
Strict standards

References

http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/facts/cafc
pwhereh2.htm
http://www.cafcp.org/fuel-vehl_cars.html
http://hcc.hanwha.co.kr/english/pro/ren_hsto_
idx.jsp
http://www.ifwdresden.de/institutes/imw/sections/21/functmagn-mat/hydrogen-storage/

Thank
You

Queries ??

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